Chapter 3 Flashcards
What is the reactants in a chemical equation?
the substance combined in the reaction
What is the product in a chemical equation?
The substance produced
In a chemical equation where the formulas for the reactants are written ?
to the left of the arrow
In a chemical equation does the state of matter are written?
yes,
- solids (s)
- liquids (l)
- gases (g)
- aqueous (aq)
What is the law of conservation of matter?
matter can neither be created nor destroyed
Who created the law of conservation of matter?
Antoine Lavoisier
What is the stoichiometry ?
Stoichiometry is the relationship between the amount of chemical reactants and products
What is chemical equilibrium?
when a reaction happen and at the same time it reverse, we say that the system has reached chemical equilibrium
What is a product-favoured reaction?
It’s a reaction in which reactants are completely or largely converted to products when equilibrium is reach
What is a solution?
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
What is a solvent?
The medium in which another substance is dissolved (major component of the solution)
What is a solute?
The substance dissolved in a solvent (minor component of the solution)
What is an aqueous solution?
A solution where the solvent is water
What is an electrolyte?
Compound whose aqueous solutions conduct electricity
Does ionic compounds dissolves in water?
Yes, many ionic compound dissolve in water
How do we determine if a compound is soluble?
- Non-polar or low polarity solvents dissolve non-polar or low polarity compounds
- Polar solvents dissolve polar compounds and some ionic compounds
- If the compound is ionic, use Coulomb’s law
What are the 4 major categories of reactions?
- precipitation
- acid-base
- gas forming
- oxidation-reduction reactions
What is a precipitation reaction?
The reaction produces a precipitate, a water-insoluble solid product.
What is the difference between a complete ionic equation and a net ionic equation?
The complete ionic equation has spectators ions when a net ionic equation doesn’t have it.
What are the strong acids? (6)
HCl HBr HI HNO3 HClO4 H2SO4
What are the strong bases? (3)
LiOH
NaOH
KOH
What are the weak acids? (7)
H3PO4 H2CO3 CH3CO2H H2C2O4 C4H6O6 C6H8O7 C9H8O4
what are the weak bases? (1)
NH3
What is the Arrhenius definition according the acid and bases?
An acid is a substance that when dissolved in water, increases the concentration of hydrogen ions, H+, in solution
A base is a substance that when dissolved in water, increases the concentration of hydroxides ions, OH-
What is the Bronsted-Lowry definition according to acid and bases?
view acids and bases in term of the transfer of a proton (H+) from on species to another
they described all acid-base reactions in term of equilibrium
What is the reaction of acids and bases in aqueous solution?
produce a salt and water
Any ionic compound whose cation comes from a base and whose anion comes from an acid is__________
a salt
how do we produce an neutralized reaction?
By mixing a strong acid and a strong base
What is an acidic oxide?
Oxides of non metals (ex: CO2, SO2, SO3, NO2) that react with water to produce an acidic solution
What is a basic oxide?
Oxides of metals, they produces basic solutions if they dissolves appreciably in water
What are the 2 steps in the gas forming reaction? Take this equation to explain: CaCO3 + 2HCL→ CaCl2 + H2CO3
the product formed in this reaction is carbonate acid (H2CO3)
This compound is unstable and decomposes to CO2 and H2O
CaCO3 + 2HCL→CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
What oxidation-reduction reaction produces?
change metal oxides and sulphides into the metal = reduce ore to the metal
how do we recognize and oxidation-reduction reaction?
any process in which oxygen is added to another substance is an oxidation
When a substance loose electron it said to be ___________
oxidized
When a substance gain electron it said to be ___________
reduced
What is the oxidation number of an monatomic ion?
The charge is equal to the charge on the ion
When combined to another element what is the charge of fluorine?
-1
What is the charge on and ion which is oxidation number is 0?
-2
What are the most common oxidizing agent? (5)
O2 (oxygen) Halogens HNO3 (nitric acid) Cr2O7 (dichromate ion) MnO4 (permanganate ion)
What are the most common reducing agent? (3)
H2 (hydrogen)
metals
Carbon
What happen in a product-favoured reaction?
Reactants are completely or largely converted to products.
What happen in a reactant-favoured reaction
Conversion of only a small amount of reactants to products.
