Chapter 3

Question 1

Ad populum

Answer 1

(Bandwagon appeal) this fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to “ everyone’s doing it so it must be a good thing to do.”

Question 2

Appeals to false authority

Answer 2

This fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority. A tv star, for instance, is not a medical expert, even though pharmaceutical advertisements often use celebrity endorsements

Question 3

Argument

Answer 3

A process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion.

Question 4

Assumption/ warrant

Answer 4

In the toulmin model, the warrant expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience.

Question 5

Backing

Answer 5

In the toulmin model, backing consists of further assurance or data without which the assumption lacks authority

Question 6

Begging the question

Answer 6

A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in no doubt. It “begs” a question whether the support itself is sound.

Question 7

Circular reasoning

Answer 7

A fallacy in which the winter repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence “you can’t give me a C I’m am A student!”

Question 8

Claim

Answer 8

Also called an assertion or proposition, a claim states the argument’s main idea or position. A claim differs from a topic or subject in that a claim has to be arguable

Question 9

Claim of fact

Answer 9

A claim of fact asserts that something is true or not true.

Question 10

Claim of policy

Answer 10

Proposes a change

Question 11

Claim of value

Answer 11

A claim of value argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong

Question 12

Classical oration

Answer 12

Five part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians: introduction, narration, confirmation, refutation, and conclusion

Question 13

Introduction

Answer 13

Introduces the reader to the subject under discussion

Question 14

Narration

Answer 14

Provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing

Question 15

Confirmation

Answer 15

Usually the major part of the text, the confirmation includes the proof needed to make the writers case

Question 16

Refutation

Answer 16

Adresses the counterargument. It is a bridge between the writer’s proof and conclusion

Question 17

Conclusion

Answer 17

Brings the essay to a satisfying close

Question 18

Closed thesis

Answer 18

A closed thesis is a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make

Question 19

Deduction

Answer 19

Logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise) and applying it to a specific case ( a minor premise). The process of deduction is usually demonstrated in the form of a syllogism, major premise, minor premise, conclusion

Question 20

Either/ or

Answer 20

A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices

Question 21

Fallacy/ logical fallacy

Answer 21

Logical fallacies are potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it

Question 22

Faulty analogy

Answer 22

A fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable

Question 23

First hand evidence

Answer 23

Evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it’s from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events

Question 24

Hasty generalization

Answer 24

A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence

Question 25

Induction

Answer 25

From the Latin inducere, “to lead into” a logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization

Question 26

Open thesis

Answer 26

One that does not lit all the points a writer intends to cover in an essay

Question 27

Qualifier

Answer 27

In the toulmin model, the qualifier uses words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to temper the claim making it less absolute

Question 28

Quantitative evidence

Answer 28

Things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers

Question 29

Rebuttal

Answer 29

In the toulmin model a rebuttal gives voice to possible objections

Question 30

Reservation

Answer 30

A reservation explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier

Question 31

Rogerian argument

Answer 31

Developed by psychiatrist Carl Rodgers, rogerian arguments are based on the assumption that having full understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating

Question 32

Syllogism

Answer 32

A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion

Question 33

Toulmin model

Answer 33

An approach to analyzing and constructing arguments

Question 34

Ad hominem

Answer 34

Latin for against the man.” This fallacy refers to the specific diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker