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Biology 1010 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell

A

smallest unit of life. Only come from preexisting cells

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2
Q

What are cells surrounded by?

A

A plasma membrane

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3
Q

What does plasma membrane do?

A

Contains cellular structures, regulates what enters and exits the cell

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4
Q

cell doctrine

A
  1. All living things are composed of cells and cell products.
  2. A single cell is the smallest unit that exhibits all the characteristics of life.
  3. All cells come only from preexisting cells.
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5
Q

Eukaryotes

A

have nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, plasma membrane,

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6
Q

Human cells are…

A

eukaryotes

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7
Q

Prokaryotes

A

has no nucleus, no organelles, DO HAVE plasma membrane and cell wall

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8
Q

Understandable principle of cells #1

A

The total metabolic activities of a cell are proportional to its volume of cytoplasm, which is in effect its size. To support its activities, every cell needs raw materials in proportion to its size. Every cell also needs a way to get rid of its wastes

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9
Q

Understandable principle of cells #2

A

All raw materials, energy, and waste can enter or leave the cell only by crossing the plasma membrane.

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10
Q

Understandable principle of cells #3

A

As objects get larger, their volume increases more than their surface area.

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11
Q

microvilli

A

finger-like projections of the plasma membrane that increase surface area.

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12
Q

Plasma membrane constructed of…

A

2 layers of phospholipids, called a lipid bilayer, plus some cholesterol and proteins

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13
Q

Most animal cells have rigid or nonrigid plasma membranes?

A

Non-rigid

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14
Q

Molecules cross the plasma membrane in 3 major ways:

A

passive transport (diffusion and osmosis), active transport, endocytosis or exocytosis

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15
Q

Passive transport

A

transports a molecule without requiring the cell to expend any energy

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16
Q

Diffusion

A

the movement of molecules from one region to another as a result of random motion (they tend to do this from areas of high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached)

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17
Q

Osmosis

A

The net diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

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18
Q

Three forms of passive transport across the cell membrane

A

diffusion through the lipid bilayer, diffusion through channels, facilitated transport

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19
Q

Diffusion through the lipid bilayer

A

Allows for the free passage of some molecules while restricting others(Must be soluble in lipids)
(o2 and CO2)

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20
Q

Diffusion through channels

A

Size and shape of channel determines who passes through. Some are gated. (Water)

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21
Q

Facilitated transport

A

Molecule attaches to a transport protein, protein changes shape, protein transfers molecule to other side of membrane, protein changes back to original shape. (Highly selective) (Glucose)

22
Q

Active transport

A

Moves substances through the plasma membrane against the concentration gradient, requiring energy

23
Q

Active Transport is like facilitated transport in that

A

it is accomplished by proteins that span the plasma membrane

24
Q

Pumps

A

proteins that actively transfer molecules over the plasma membrane (mostly conver ATD to ADP for energy)

25
Q

Endocytosis

A

moves bulk material into the cell

26
Q

exocytosis

A

Moves bulk material out of the cell

27
Q

Vesicle

A

a membrane pouch used in endocytosis and exocytosis to move materials

28
Q

Receptor proteins

A

receive and transmit info for the cell

29
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

helps maintain cell volume

30
Q

Isotonic extracellular fluid

A

also maintains cell volume. Has the same solute concentration as the intracellular fluid

31
Q

hypertonic solution

A

concentration of solutes is higher than the intracellular fluid

32
Q

hypotonic solution

A

concentration of solutes in lower than the intracellular fluid

33
Q

Nucleus

A

controls the cell

34
Q

nucleolus

A

where RNA is synthesized

35
Q

ribosomes

A

make proteins

36
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

with its attached ribosomes, makes most of the chemical compounds

37
Q

Smooth ER

A

macromolecule synthesis

38
Q

Rough ER

A

protein systhesis (by ribosomes)

39
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

refines, packages, ships

40
Q

Vesicles

A

membrane-bound storage and shipping containers

41
Q

Peroxisomes

A

enzyme produced by golgi apparatus, kept in vesicles. Destroy toxic wastes

42
Q

Lysosomes

A

enzyme produced by golgi apparatus, kept in vesicles. Contain powerful digestive enzymes

43
Q

Mitochondria

A

provide energy

44
Q

Sources of energy

A

fat and glycogen

45
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

supports the cell

46
Q

Cilia and flagella

A

move materials along the surface of the cell. Flagella are only found on sperm cells and move the entire cell.

47
Q

Centrioles

A

Involved in cell division

48
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of all of the chemical reactions in an organism

49
Q

Product

A

end materials of a chemical reaction

50
Q

substrate

A

starting material of a chemical reaction

51
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

chemical reactions that follow one after another in a very orderly way

52
Q

Stopped on page 70

A

bc needed to get on with my life that’s why

Biology 1010 (2 decks)

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