chapter 3/4 - alexander III era

Question 1

what was alexander III’s personality?

Answer 1

-watched his father die - fearful of revolutions
-very large and bear-like
-committed, serious
- began his reign by hanging conspirators - fierce ruler.

Question 2

what were local government changes?

Answer 2

-introduction of land captains
-reduced voting for peasants regarding zemstvo

Question 3

what is the purpose of a land captain?

Answer 3

-responsible for law enforcement in countryside
-has power to override votes/zemstvo decisions

Question 4

what were the major changes (the counter reform) made under alexander III?

Answer 4

-policing
-judicial system
-education
-censorship

Question 5

what counter reform was made to the police?

Answer 5

-push to employ spies
-had power to arrest those they thought were ‘likely to commit crimes’

Question 6

what counter reform was made to the judicial system?

Answer 6

-closed court sessions allowed

Question 7

what counter reform was made to the education system?

Answer 7

-universities closed to women
-lower class children restricted to primary education
-in 1897 21% of the population was literate

Question 7

what counter reform was made to the censorship system?

Answer 7

-censors are more active
-many newpapers closed
-censorship extended to theatre, art and culture

Question 8

definition of russification

Answer 8

forcing the population to think of themselves as russian by enforcing the culture and language

Question 9

what year was the polish revolt against cossacks

Answer 9

1863

Question 10

what statistics prove the oppressed were unhappy about russification?

Answer 10

-332 mass disturbances in 61/92 provinces
-43 disturbances in 9/12 central provinces

Question 10

what, why and where was the pale of settlement?

Answer 10

-south west of european russia (modern day lithuania to ukraine)
-jews forced to live inside the pale
-alexander III was scared of not being control polish/jewish people

Question 11

what is a pogrom?

Answer 11

-‘round-up’ or lynching towards jews.
-jews had shops & houses burnt down
-rape and murder

Question 12

what are key anti-semitic legislation changes

Answer 12

-number of jews accepted to schools is by quota of different districts
-forbidden from buying property in certain provinces
-banned from participating in local elections and selling alcohol

Question 13

what is the effect of the anti-semitism?

Answer 13

-many left the empire
-in 1891-92 10,000 artisan jews were expelled from moscows
-drove many to revolutionary groups as rebellion