Chapter 3, 4, & 5

Question 0

Mali:

Answer 0

• Emerged as the strongest organized state in A.D. 1235 but dates back to the 17th century.
• King Sundiata formed alliances with neighboring Muslim rulers and took control of gold mines
• Mansa Musa I made a historic pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324
• Entourage comprised more than seventy thousand persons, soldiers, logistical personnel, and servants
• Took 12 tons of gold on eighty camels
• Diversity of Sankore in Timbuktu became international intellectual center attracting students from Northern Africa, the middle east and Europe
• Took control of gold mining
• Architect supervised the construction of temples in Timbuktu.

Question 1

Ghana:

Answer 1

-One of the oldest and West Africa political states
Empire spanned what presently encompasses Mali, Guinea, the Gambia, Senegal, and a portion of Mauritania.
-Ghanaian were agricultural and Trading people
-Gold was the principle commodity also was known for iron mining and manufacturing
ran into a series of droughts and invasions by Muslim to convert to Islam
-Ruled by 44 kings by the year 300A.D.
-In 1062, the Almoravides, invaded Ghana to force its people to convert and fell in 1077.

Question 2

Songhay:

Answer 2

• Began in the 18th century
• Most highly advanced society
• Africans were among the first to foster the idea of the university.
• Sunni Ali incorporated the cities of Timbuktu and Jenne which were renowned educational centers
• Askia Mohammed, made a pilgrimage to Mecca and returned with a host of Islamic scholars, teachers, scientists, and professionals

Question 3

Family formed under a kinship:

Answer 3

• The family was the basis of social organization
• Polygamy was a functional family pattern
• Agricultural production and guild practice followed family lines
• Kinship lines were often the basis of political rule or dynasty

Question 4

Prior to 1500’s why was color and race not a factor to determine African Americans.?

Answer 4

• Slavery existed many millennia before the middle ages in Europe, Asia, Africa.
• Enslaved other groups as well as their own

Question 5

Describe European Capitalists practicing forms of slavery, including laws.

Answer 5

-Hundreds of voluntary and involuntary white workers and servants were shipped to the colonies from England.

Question 6

Explain Slavery and the status of blacks in 1750:

Answer 6

By 1750, slavery was recognized and sanctioned by law in all American colonies.

• These laws Differentiate the status and treatment of enslaved blacks from other servants.
• Colonists realized that it was much more profitable to conscript Africans into slavery to satisfy the increasing demand for labor
• No rights except those given to them by individual slavemasters
• Children and descendants were sold with no legal rights
• British economy depended heavily on plantation colonies and increased use of labor for the enslaved

Question 7

Maryland and Virginia:

Answer 7

-Cultivation in Maryland and Virginia was labor intensive and differed from agricultural and more industrialized economic activities in the middle and new England colonies.

Question 8

3/5ths Compromise:

Answer 8

-As a compromise measure, the Constitution without mentioning slavery or race, relegated the status of a black to “three-fifths” of a person.

Question 9

Breeding states:

Answer 9

Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee

Question 10

Gabriel Poulser:

Answer 10

• Secretly acquired and stored an arsenal of firearms, and bullets, and fashioned bayonets
• Gabriel failed due to the rebellion of two house slaves but also because a massive thunderstorm.

Question 11

Nat Turner:

Answer 11

• Led and executed the most famous slave revolt of the 19th century
• Planned revolt with extreme secrecy
• Inspired a spirit of revolution.

Question 12

Harriet Tubman:

Answer 12

• Escaped slavery and formed secret way stations to help others escape.
• Led 19 missions
• Also active in antislavery meetings and women’s rights movements.

Question 13

Fugitive Slave Law:

Answer 13

• Allowed slave owners to pursue and reclaim alleged slaves or fugitives without due process;
• the slave was not allowed to testify on his/her behalf
• heavy penalties were imposed on anyone providing aid or assisting in escape.

Question 14

Black Codes:

Answer 14

The Black Codes were designed to re-subjugate blacks to virtual slave status.
-The codes limited blacks to agricultural forms of employment, restricted areas of residence, and permitted them only segregated and unequal education opportunity.

Question 15

Harlem Renaissance; Negro movement:

Answer 15

• Talented africans made an outstanding contributions in arts and humanities they began to create and express Black culture in Literature, poetry, art, and music.
• Mid 1920’s to 1940

Question 16

Executive order placed on July 26, 1948:

Answer 16

Place by Truman that ended segregation in the armed forces.

• The military complied and demonstrated the economic efficacy, logic, fairness, and practicality of integration.
• Simultaneously issued order 9980 barring discrimination in Federal Employment

Question 17

Montgomery bus boycott, December 1955, Alabama:

Answer 17

• Rosa Parks refused her seat to segregationist law that required National and International media coverage propelled Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., who elected to head the protest movement, into world focus.
• Brown vs. Board served as catalyst for a myriad of school segregation cases.

Question 18

On June 10, 1964 congress passed:

Answer 18

• The strong civil rights act initially proposed by John F. kennedy.
• Johnson made civil rights for blacks a major concern after kennedy’s assassination.

Question 19

The Kerner Commission Report, named after Otto Kerner:

Answer 19

• Concluding urban violence reflected the frustration of inner-city blacks and that racism was deeply embedded in American society.
• warned the U.S. was “moving toward two societies, one black, one white separate but unequal.
• Described discrimination, chronic poverty, high unemployment, poor schools, inadequate housing, lack of access to health care, and systematic police bias and brutality disproportionately experienced by black americans.

Question 20

Terms that define color:

Answer 20

• The study of sociology had its origins in revolutions, religious feuds, and class conflicts of europe, it was influenced by the African or Atlantic Slave Trade.
• Values, morals, behavior, and human relationships were ignored in sociological investigations.
• Europeans characterized Africans as having no civilization, history, or values of significance.

Question 21

Functionalism:

Answer 21

Derived from Auguste Comtés order and morality concept of sociology objectives.
-Assumes normative, agreement of values within societies and social institutions that constitutes an order or equilibrium state. An individual, group, or phenomenon that disrupts the societal equilibrium is considered problematic and the source of disturbance must be reordered and controlled to restore equilibrium.(Civil law)

Question 22

Conflict theory:

Answer 22

• Regard as normal when competing groups contend for power, advantageous position, and scarce resources.
• Eliminated through institutional suppression of the rebellious group in favor of the dominant group.

Question 23

Interactionism:

Answer 23

-Social psychological theory that emphasizes the self as a social object that is changed, weakened, or strengthened, or otherwise affected in its interaction with others

Question 24

Preman Coward 16th century welfare:

Answer 24

• The welfare system is a labor equilibrating and social control mechanisms that complements the similar functions of the prison system.
• Argued welfare has been twofold:
  
  1. In times of economic downturn or social unrest, welfare support is increased to keep the poor from becoming so desperate they would revolt.
  2. When times are good, welfare support is reduced to “enforce work norms and force low skilled persons to enter to the labor market

Question 25

Black Theology:

Answer 25

• was forged by a group of radical black clergy who met to formulate a statement supporting the reflection of black power.
• Black theology was created as a district religious movement for the purpose of relating to the oppressed masses of blacks and for comforting them in their struggles against racism and discriminatin
• Affirmation of black humanity that emancipates black people from white racism, thus providing authentic freedom for both white and black people.

Question 26

Education achievement is caused by:

Answer 26

There are economic implications associated with substandard school facilities as well as social and environmental factors that plague low income school districts and neighborhoods that worsen school outcomes.

Question 27

what is the impact of white leaving inner cities.?

Answer 27

• Black underclass is worsened because of the flight of white city dwellers to the suburbs, thus, taking with them the tax base needed to maintain the metropolis
• The underclass is left with weakened social institutions

Question 28

Explain the inevitable link between psychology and race:

Answer 28

-In any situation where peoples of distinct cultures and races relate, interact, or interpret the behavior of eachother.

Question 29

Race/Color affected quality of black life in what areas.?

Answer 29

-Determine the quality of life achievement, potential, health, and life chances

Question 30

Dr. Cross and his model of Nigrescence:

Answer 30

-Introduces that a person can be mentally healthy in terms of personal identity while at the same time, not have a strong orientation towards a concept of A.A. as a distinct cultural collective.

Question 31

Mass media and function:

Answer 31

• It would be hard to counter the assertion that the mass media constitute powerful agencies influencing the mind, thought, and behavior of American people.
• Blacks did not initially appear on T.V. except as menial and sub-servant characters, such as butlers, doorman, valets, and waiters.