Chapter 3 & 4 Flashcards
What are the three essential processes in group membership?
Inclusion, collectivism and identity
Being a member of a group (e.g., first joining, fulfilling the need to belong).
Inclusion
Being part of the group as a whole.
Collectivism
Transformation of personal conception to align with the group’s identity.
Identity
No negative feelings are necessarily associated; can have positive outcomes (e.g., self-discovery or creativity).
Alone
Associated with negative feelings, often due to lack of emotional or social connection.
Lonely
What are the two types of loneliness?
Emotional Loneliness and Social Loneliness
Loss of a close relationship, such as a breakup or divorce.
Emotional Loneliness
Disconnection from a group or social network, e.g., moving away.
Social Loneliness
Disconnection from a group or social network, e.g., moving away.
Social Loneliness
Exclusion from a group.
Ostracism
Being expelled from a religion or community.
Excommunicado
Being uninformed or excluded from updates.
Out of the loop
Direct rejection.
Maximum Exclusion
Avoiding the individual.
Active Exclusion
Ignoring the individual (e.g., ghosting).
Passive Exclusion
Mixed signals about acceptance.
Ambivalence
Allowing participation but with indifference.
Passive Inclusion
Welcoming the individual.
Active Inclusion
Actively inviting the individual to join.
Maximum Inclusion
A scale representing levels of group acceptance
Inclusion-Exclusion Continuum
What are the four stages of the Temporal Need Threat Model?
Minimal Stage
Reflexive Stage
Reflective Stage
Resignation Stage
Detection of ostracism.
Minimal Stage
Emotional pain and realization of rejection.
Reflexive Stage
Efforts to address the need to belong.
Reflective Stage
Resource depletion and potential withdrawal.
Resignation Stage
Resource depletion and potential withdrawal.
Resignation Stage
What are the common responses to ostracism?
Fight-or-Flight Response
Tend-and-Befriend
- Confronting or avoiding the group.
- Common in males.
Fight-or-Flight Response
- Adapting behavior to gain acceptance.
- Common in females.
Tend-and-Befriend
Why does ghosting happen?
- Mismatch of preferences.
- Proximity issues.
What does the “6 Degrees of Separation” theory suggest?
Everyone in the world is connected through a chain of six or fewer social connections.
Everyone in the world is connected through a chain of six or fewer social connections.
6 Degrees of Separation Theory
How does exclusion relate to aggression, according to Lowell Gaertner?
- Aggression is lower when exclusion is by an outsider.
- Aggression is higher when exclusion comes from a group the individual belongs to.
What does the Sociometer Theory state about self-esteem?
Self-esteem acts as a social barometer.
- Inclusion in a group increases self-worth.
- Exclusion lowers self-worth and self-esteem.
- Choosing to be alone does not impact self-esteem.
How does the biological perspective explain the connection between physical and social pain?
The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and anterior insula are activated during both physical and social pain.
Add: Painkillers like acetaminophen may lessen social pain.
How does the biological perspective explain the connection between physical and social pain?
The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and anterior insula are activated during both physical and social pain.
Add: Painkillers like acetaminophen may lessen social pain.
Focuses on exchange relationships, where personal benefit is prioritized.
Individualism
Focuses on communal relationships, where the benefit of others is prioritized.
Collectivism
Focuses on communal relationships, where the benefit of others is prioritized.
Collectivism
Low conformity, high focus on individual uniqueness.
Individualism
High conformity, focus on maintaining social harmony.
Collectivism
Resources are distributed based on contribution.
Equity Norm
Resources are shared equally, regardless of effort.
Equality Norm
Qualities unique to the individual (“me”).
Personal Identity
Characteristics derived from group membership (“we”).
Social Identity
What is the Japanese term for self?
Jibun
What is the Japanese term for self?
Jibun
What is the Japanese term for self, and how does it reflect cultural differences?
The term “jibun” represents one’s portion of shared space.
- Individualist Approach: Focuses solely on the individual.
- Collectivist Approach: Includes relationships and surroundings in self-definition.
Hierarchical structure with rigid social levels (e.g., India’s caste system).
Vertical/ Hierarchy
Flat structure with mutual support regardless of status (e.g., Latin cultures).
Horizontal/Flat
What are the three needs in the Optimal Distinctiveness Theory?
- Need to be assimilated in a group.
- Need for connections with friends and loved ones.
- Need for autonomy and differentiation.
What is the Social Identity Theory by Henri Tajfel and John Turner?
The theory explains how groups form and maintain identities:
- Social Categorization
- Social Identification
Adopting group stereotypes as part of personal identity (e.g., “Filipinos are always late, so it’s fine if I’m late”).
Self- Stereotyping
Defining oneself through group traits without necessarily embodying stereotypes.
Social Identification
Defining oneself through group traits without necessarily embodying stereotypes.
Social Identification
What is collective self-esteem according to Jennifer Crocker?
It’s the self-esteem derived from one’s group membership and social identity.
Predominantly Western cultures; focus on independence.
Individualists
Predominantly Eastern cultures; focus on interdependence and social harmony.
Collectivists
Predominantly Eastern cultures; focus on interdependence and social harmony.
Collectivists
How does the Social Identity Theory address incongruency in groups?
Social categorization and identification become apparent when a member behaves incongruently with group norms.
How does the Social Identity Theory address incongruency in groups?
Social categorization and identification become apparent when a member behaves incongruently with group norms.
It’s the expectation to return favors or help equally, reflecting fairness in social exchanges.
norm of reciprocity
