Chapter 3&4

Question 1

Curriculum standards help teachers plan instruction and assess learning and consist of three components:

Answer 1

(1) content standards that determine what students should know

(2) benchmarks that specify expected knowledge and skills

(3) performance-based progress indicators that describe how students will show they have met a standard.

Question 2

Standard based and differentiated instruction

Answer 2

focuses on high expectations for all students while encouraging instruction to meet individual student needs.

-Professional organizations (e.g., WIDA, TESOL) have developed ELD standards and provide alignment with curriculum standards.

Differentiated instruction is when instruction is tailored according to students’ ELD (english level development) level.

-aims to acknowledge, accommodate, and build upon a wide array of student traits to facilitate optimal growth for all for all students.

Question 3

Professional Organizations that align with curriculum standards

Answer 3

Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) International Organization
- Explore resources for connecting with other teachers, attending conferences, accessing useful publications, publishing your own work, and advancing the field of multilingual learner education.

World Class Instructional Design and Assessment (WIDA)
-A federally funded association that has developed excellent resources for multilingual learner education, pre-K through grade 12.
-Find resources on standards and instruction, assessment, professional learning, and more that include Spanish and English versions.

International Literacy Association (ILA)
-nonprofit professional organization dedicated to literacy worldwide
-access books and journals, resources, external links, and community resources.

National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE)
-professional organization for educators of English studies, literacy, and language arts.

Question 4

Sheltered instruction

Answer 4

“specially designed academic instruction in English” (SDAIE), is a form of content-based instruction that helps multilingual learners understand and learn academic content while acquiring English.

Question 5

Social and affective adjustment

Answer 5

an important piece of effective sheltered multilingual learner instruction.

It is important to establish positive relationships to form a community of learners and to promote social development and self-esteem among your students.

Question 6

Planning for differentiation addresses four questions:

Answer 6

What, who, how, and how well.

The process includes content you will teach (what); your students and their characteristics (who); instructional strategies, groupings, and materials with modifications for ELP (english language profienceny) levels (how); and performance expectations and assessment procedures (how well).

Question 7

Response to Intervention (RTI)

Answer 7

schoolwide program that offers extra support and instruction to students who are not yet meeting curriculum goals and standards and addresses two main goals: (1) identify and provide early systematic assistance and (2) identify students with learning disabilities. RTI consists of three tiers of instruction.

Question 8

Techniques used to facilitate multilingual learner comprehension, participation, and learning:

Answer 8

Visual aids, modeling, demonstrations, graphic organizers, vocabulary previews, predictions, adapted texts, cooperative learning, peer tutoring, and multicultural content.

Question 9

Important elements of sheltered instruction/SDAIE

Answer 9

Collaborative group work consequently provides opportunities for both social and academic language development.

Cooperative learning is an instructional organization strategy in which students work together in intentionally established heterogeneous small groups to achieve academic and social learning goals.

Question 10

Collaborative group work and learning

Answer 10

Cooperative learning is an instructional organization strategy in which students work together in intentionally established heterogeneous small groups to achieve academic and social learning goals

provides opportunities for both social and academic language development.

Question 11

Assessment

Answer 11

Systematic procedures to gather, analyze, and interpret information on student learning, achievement, or development.

Question 12

Assessment serves three important purposes for multilingual learners:

Answer 12

1) student identification and placement in language support services, (2) program evaluation, and (3) documentation of student learning and progress.

Question 13

Different forms of assessment

Answer 13

Formal assessment measures include group-administered standardized tests and individually administered tests, such as those used to identify special learning needs.

Informal assessment measures are generally based on student work samples and student interactions during naturally occurring classroom situations.

Performance assessments combine some features of both formal and informal assessment and involve the direct observation and measurement of a desired behavior.

Question 14

Principles of effective classroom-based assessment include

Answer 14

(1) observing authentic tasks; (2) assessment linked to learning standards, goals, and curriculum; (3) a variety of assessment samples; (4) assessment over time; (5) accommodation of student diversity; (6) opportunities for students’ self-evaluation; and (7) alignment with current research and theory.

Question 15

New literacies refer to

Answer 15

skills and requirements for accessing and making good use of the Internet and other new technologies

Question 16

Definitions of the new literacies share four basic assumptions:

Answer 16

New technologies for information and communication require new skills, strategies, dispositions, and social practices.

New literacies are central to full participation in a global community.

New literacies regularly change as their defining technologies change.

New literacies are multifaceted and benefit from multiple points of view.

Question 17

A multiliteracies perspective emphasizes

Answer 17

“The proliferation of new technologies and linguistic and cultural diversity locally and globally call for pedagogy that will enable all learners to negotiate meaning across cultural and linguistic boundaries.”

The rise of new technologies and increased cultural and language diversity worldwide and in local communities requires teaching methods that help all students understand and communicate across different cultures and languages.

Question 18

Hyperlinks offer the reader the choice of going

Answer 18

to a different web page to define, clarify, or delve deeper into a particular topic, but readers must exercise considerable discipline to keep focus on the purpose of their task.

Question 19

Students must learn how to critically evaluate online information in terms of

Answer 19

bias, reliability, and accuracy. They must take a critical stance as they read information online.

Question 20

Web 1.0

Answer 20

Is the technology that permits us to access and read information online and can be thought of as a huge encyclopedia with information on just about any topic.
Students need to learn about available search engines, how they work, and how to navigate them as well as how to define a question or problem narrowly enough to enable a productive search.

            Three strategies that introduce students to efficient online searches are scavenger hunts, WebQuests, and individual and group projects.

Question 21

Web 2.0

Answer 21

It is characterized by digital technology that permits online interaction and collaboration where students can read, write, and interact with others, both locally and globally.

            Blogs are interactive online journals that provide scaffolds for multilingual learners by allowing time for reflection and planning, use of mentoring, and use of students’ home languages.
          
            Wikis are online collaborative spaces that can create excitement for multilingual learners, help them work collaboratively and cooperatively, create an immediate audience, and help students learn from one another.
          
            Podcasts are like recorded radio or TV programs that support multilingual learners because they can use podcasts to build background, access audio, and video versions, listen anywhere and anytime, and play them repeatedly.

Question 22

Use of social media can

Answer 22

Connect students with others, create an authentic audience, facilitate communication among students, and promote online safety, ethics, and manners.

Social media can promote academic learning in numerous ways such as reading and writing book reviews, virtual field trips, videos of current events, and online discussions.

Question 23

Content-based instruction

Answer 23

is a teaching method that focuses on learning content and language simultaneously rather than teaching the language separately