Chapter 3

Question 1

federalism

Answer 1

division of power between a central government and a regional government

Question 2

what are the metaphors for federalism?

Answer 2

dual federalism: the layer-cake metaphor

cooperative federalism: the marble-cake metaphor

Question 3

dual federalism

Answer 3

the Constitution is a compact among sovereign states, so that the powers of the national government are fixed and limited

national government rules by enumerated powers only and has a limited set of constitutional purposes

nation and state are sovereign in their own sphere

Question 4

cooperative federalism

Answer 4

the Constitution is an agreement among people who are citizens of both the state and nation, so there is little distinction between state and national powers

government functions jointly

power is not concentrated at any government level or in any agency

Question 5

states’ rights

which type of federalism is it tied to?

Answer 5

all rights not specifically given to national government by the Constitution are given to the states

tied to dual federalism

Question 6

implied power

why is it important to federalism

Answer 6

powers Congress requires in order to execute its enumerated powers

important to federalism because dual federalists reject this gray area and cooperative federalists accept this

Question 7

tenth ammendment

Answer 7

reserves for the states the powers not given to the national government

Question 8

why is the tenth ammendment closely tied to cooperative federalism and the elastic clause?

Answer 8

closely tied to cooperative federalism because they believe in a flexible elastic clause and the tenth ammendment as a self-evident truth

Question 9

how do dual federalists view the tenth ammendment and the elastic clause?

Answer 9

the believe in a rigid elastic clause and a roomy tenth ammendment

Question 10

what main forces have prompted changes in the relationship between state and national government?

Answer 10

national crisis and demands, judicial interpretation, expansion of grants-in-aid, and professionalization of government

Question 11

what was the major impact of the Great Depression of American federalism?

Answer 11

even though Congress did not gain any new powers, they changed the way Americans thought about the role the national government has in solving their problems

Question 12

What was the effect of the terrorist attacks on the United States in 2001 on the expansion of national powers?

Answer 12

significantly explanded the surveillance and investigative powers of the Department of Justice

Question 13

What has been the effect of national emergencies on constitutional ammendments of federalism?

Answer 13

increased scope of the national government tremendously

Question 14

commerce clause

impact on federalism

Answer 14

gives Congress the power to regulate commerce among the states

interpreted to include virtually every type of commercial activity, which was later ruled to violate the Constitution

Question 15

grants-in-aid

impact on federalism

Answer 15

money provide by one level of government to another to be used for a specific purpose

gives power to the national government because they are the ones redistributing wealth and stipulating the conditions

Question 16

categorical grant

Answer 16

grant for a specific purpose by project or formula

Question 17

block grant

Answer 17

awarded for general purposes, allowing great discretion

Question 18

How does LBJ’s ideology on federalism affect his vision of a “great society.”

Answer 18

believed in cooperative federalism and strengthening the states, so he gave grants to help the schooling of the disadvantaged

Question 19

preemption

Answer 19

power of Congress to enact lawes by which the national government assumes total or partial responsibility for a state goverment funtion

Question 20

mandate

Answer 20

requirement that a state undertake an activity or provide a service in keeping with minimum national standards

Question 21

restraint

Answer 21

requirement laid down by act of congress prohibiting a state or local government from exercising a certain power

Question 22

cooercive federalism

Answer 22

view that the national government may impose its policy preferences on the states through regulations in the form of mandates and restraints (instead of through grants)

Question 23

At what level is redistricting done?

Answer 23

Congressional redistricting is done at the state level.

Question 24

speicial district

Answer 24

government unit created to preofrm particular functions, especially when they are best preformed across jurisdictional boundries