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Critical Thinking > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Conditional statement

A

If ‘p’ then ‘q’ : Asserts that something is true based on a certain condition

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2
Q

Antecedent

A

The “p” in the conditional statement formula - where “q” is claimed to be true

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3
Q

Consequent

A

The “q” in the conditional statement formula - what is claimed to follow if ‘p’ is true

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4
Q

Deductive argument

A

Claims that the premises provide logically conclusive support for the conclusion

VALID or INVALID

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5
Q

Inductive argument

A

Claims that the premises provide probably support for the conclusion

STRONG or WEAK

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6
Q

Valid argument

A

A deductive argument that succeeds in providing conclusive support for its conclusion

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7
Q

Invalid argument

A

A deductive argument that fails to provide conclusive support for its conclusion

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8
Q

Sound argument

A

Deductively valid argument with true premises

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9
Q

Truth-preserving

A

Defining characteristics of valid deductive argument: their structure guarantees that if the premises are true so also are the conclusions

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10
Q

Strong argument

A

Inductive argument that provides highly probable support for its conclusion

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11
Q

Weak argument

A

Inductive argument that fails to provide strong support for its conclusion

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12
Q

Cogent argument

A

a strong, inductive argument with all premises true

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13
Q

Dependent premise

A

Must be combined with one or more other premises to support the conclusion

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14
Q

Independent premise

A

Provides support for the conclusion on its own

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15
Q

Syllogism

A

Deductive argument consisting of two premises and one conclusion

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16
Q

Common valid deductive forms

A
  1. Affirming the antecedent 2. Denying the consequent 3. Disjunctive syllogism 4. Hypothetical syllogism
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17
Q

Affirming the antecedent

A

if ‘p’ then ‘q’, ‘p’; therefore ‘q’ If Spot barks, a burglar is in the house. Spot is barking. Therefore, a burglar is in the house.

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18
Q

Denying the consequent

A

If ‘p’ then ‘q’, not ‘q’; therefore not ‘p’ If it rains, the sidewalk gets wet. But the sidewalk’s not wet. So, it must not have rained

19
Q

Disjunctive syllogism

A

Either ‘p’ or ‘q’, not ‘p’; therefore ‘q’ The number 3 is either even or odd. However, it is not even. Therefore, it is odd

20
Q

Hypothetical syllogism

A

If ‘p’ then ‘q’, if ‘q’ then ‘r’; therefore if ‘p’ then ‘r’ If Guy steals the money, he will go to jail. If Guy goes to jail, his family will suffer. Therefore, if Guy steals the money, his family will suffer.

21
Q

Common invalid deductive forms

A
  1. Affirming the consequent 2. Denying the antecedent
22
Q

Affirming the consequent

A

Invalid deductive form If ‘p’ then ‘q’, ‘q’; therefore ‘p’

23
Q

Denying the antecedent

A

Invalid deductive form If ‘p’ then ‘q’, not ‘p’; therefore not ‘q’ “If today is Tuesday we have logic class. Today’s not Tuesday. Hence, we don’t have logic today.”

24
Q

What do good arguments do?

A

Appeal to reason - they show that it is reasonable to accept the conclusions given the premises

25
Q

Two forms of agrument

A
  1. Deductive argument 2. Inductive argument
26
Q

Example of deductive arguments

A

“Im taller than Aimee. Aimee is taller than Melissa. So I’m taller than Melissa.’ -> If the premises offered really are true, then the conclusion must also be true

27
Q

A rule in invalid arguments?

A

It is a deductive argument that fails to provide conclusive support for its conclusion. ALTHOUGH - It is still possible for the premises to be true and yet the conclusion to be false.

28
Q

How to evaluate soundness of an argument

A
  1. Are the premises true? 2. Do those premises lead to the conclusion?
29
Q

Example of false premises that still support the given conclusion.

A

Pigs have wings (P). Any animal with wings can fly (P). So, pigs can fly (C). This argument is VALID but UNSOUND.

30
Q

Example of true premises that don’t support the conclusion

A

Birds have wings (P). Bats have wings (P). Therefore, birds are bats (C).

31
Q

Is the conclusion guaranteed in inductive reasoning?

A

No. Not intended to be

32
Q

Induction

A

The process of building inductive arguments

33
Q

Cogency

A

An inductively strong argument with true premises is said to be cogent. (Like the soundness of deductive arguments)

34
Q

4 Steps in judging arguments

A
  1. Find the arguments conclusion and then premises. 2. “Is it the case that if the premises are true then the conclusion must be true?” -> if yes: VALID DEDUCTIVE -> if premises are true: SOUND -> Instances where the premises are true while conclusion is false: INVALID (then go to step 3) 3. “Is it the case that if the premises are true, its conclusion is probably true?” ->if yes: Inductively strong -> are premises probably true?: Cogent too -> if NO: go to step 4 4. “Is the argument intended to offer (a) conclusive or (b) probable support for its conclusion (but fails to do so)?” -> If (a): invalid deductive argument ->If (b): weak and inductive argument
35
Q

Deductive indicator works

A

absolutely, certainly, it necessarily follows

36
Q

Inductive indicator words

A

Probably, likely, odds are, chances are

37
Q

Steps to finding missing premises

A

Step 1: Search for credible premises that would make the argument valid Step 2: Search for a credible premise that would make the argument as strong as possible Step 3: Evaluate the reconstructed argument

38
Q

Example of a conditional statement

A

“If I won the lottery then I’d pay all my debts”

39
Q

Argument flow charts

A

Always flow downward on the page (Premises at top, conclusion on the bottom) Boxes: Premises Circles: Conclusion Arrows: Connect them

40
Q

Diagramming independent premises

A
41
Q

Diagramming dependent premises

A
42
Q

Multi-staging of arguments

A
43
Q

Assesing long arguments - 4 steps

A
  1. Study the text
  2. Find the conclusion
  3. Identify the premises
  4. Diagram the argument

Critical Thinking (4 decks)

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