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HSC 308: Exam 2 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

0
Q

metabolism: anabolic reactions

A

synthesis of molecules

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1
Q

metabolism

A

sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body

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2
Q

metabolism: catabolic reactions

A

breakdown of molecules

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3
Q

bioenergetics

A

converting foodstuff (fats, proteins, carbs) into energy

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4
Q

Cell structure: cell membrane

A

semipermeable membrane that separates the cell from extracellular environment

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5
Q

cell strucure: nucleus

A

contains DNA, protein synthesis (genes that regulate)

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6
Q

Cell structure: cytoplasm

A

fluid portion of cell
contains organelles
- mitochondria (powerhouse of the cell)

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7
Q

molecular biology and exercise science: exercise training results in modifications in ________

A

protein synthesis

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8
Q

strength training results in ____ synthesis of muscle contractile protein

A

increased

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9
Q

cellular chemical reactions: endergonic reactions

A

require energy to be added

- endothermic

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10
Q

cellular chemical reactions: exergonic reactions

A

release energy

  • exothermic
    ex. breakdown of ATP
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11
Q

cellular chemical reactions: coupled reactions

A

liberation of energy in an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction

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12
Q

1 molecule of glucose combines with ___ molecules of oxygen

A

6

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13
Q

oxidation-reduction reactions: oxidation

A

removing an electron

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14
Q

oxidation-reduction reactions: reduction

A

addition of an electron

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15
Q

oxidation and reduction are always _______ reactions

A

coupled

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16
Q

oxidized form of NAD

A

NAD+

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17
Q

reduced form of NAD

A

NADH

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18
Q

oxidized form of FAD

A

FAD

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19
Q

reduced form of FAD

A

FADH2

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20
Q

_____ and _____ both play an important role in the transfer of electrons

A

NAD and FAD

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21
Q

ENZYMES

A

lower the energy of activation

- catalysts that regulate the speed of reactions

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22
Q

factors that regulate enzyme activity

A

temperature: all enzymes have an optimal temp. range
pH: enzymes have narrow pH ranges

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23
Q

________ cells release enzymes into the blood

A

damaged

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24
Q

kinases

A

add a phosphate group

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25
Q

dehydrogenases

A

remove hydrogen atoms

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26
Q

oxidases

A

catalyze oxidation - reduction reactions involving O2

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27
Q

isomerases

A

rearrangement of the structure of molecules

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28
Q

carbohydrates

A

include monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

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29
Q

carbohydrates: glucose

A

blood sugar

monosaccharide

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30
Q

carbohydrates: glycogen

A
  • storage form of glucose in liver and muscle (synthesized by enzyme glycogen synthase)
  • glycogenolysis: breakdown of glycogen to glucose (breakdown of glycogen to glucose)
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31
Q

carbohydrates: polysaccharides

A

starch and glycogen

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32
Q

storage form of polysaccharides in plants

A

starch

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33
Q

storage form of polysaccharides in animals

A

glycogen

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34
Q

fats _________ be converted to glucose

A

cannot

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35
Q

primary type of fat used by muscle

A

fatty acids

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36
Q

triglycerides

A

storage form of fat in muscle and adipose tissue

- breaks down into glycerol and fatty acids via lipolysis

37
Q

phospholipids

A

not used as energy source

38
Q

steroids

A

derived from cholesterol

39
Q

Protein

A

composed of amino acids
some can be converted to glucose in the liver
others can be converted to metabolic intermediates

40
Q

overall, protein is ____ a primary energy source during exercise

41
Q

endurance runners burn the _____ protein

42
Q

GCAAs

A

specific amino acids that endurance runners burn

43
Q

high-energy phosphates: ATP

A

consists of adenine, ribose, and 3 linked phosphates

44
Q

high-energy phosphates: synthesis

A

ADP + Pi —> ATP

45
Q

we are approximately _____ efficient (able to synthesize molecules)

46
Q

bioenergetics: formation of ATP

A

PC breakdown

  • degradation of glucose and glycogen
    * glycolysis (will only use glucose for fuel)
  • oxidative formation of ATP
47
Q

Bioenergetics: anaerobic pathways

A
  • do not involve O2

- PC breakdown and glycolysis

48
Q

bioenergetics: aerobic pathways

A
  • require O2

- oxidative phosphorylation

49
Q

PC cannot drive ATP pumps or Ca+ pumps but can _________ the ADP into ATP to keep things moving

A

resynthesize

50
Q

all energy pathways are running ____ the time

51
Q

PC causes about a ____ weight gain

52
Q

anaerobic ATP production: ATP-PC system

A

immediate source of ATP

- you make your own creatine and also eat creatine (ex. meat)

53
Q

anaerobic ATP production: glycolysis

A

glucose- 2 pyruvic acid or 2 lactic acid

  • energy investment phase- requires 2 ATP
  • energy generation phase - produces 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate or 2 lactate
54
Q

depletion of PC may limit ________, high intensity energy

A

short term

55
Q

creatine monohydrate supplementation

A
  • Increase muscle PC stores
  • some studies show improved performance in short-term, high-intensity exercise
  • increase strength and fat-free mass with resistance training
56
Q

creatine supplementation _______ appear to pose health risks

57
Q

NADH is _________ into mitochondria

58
Q

NADH produced in glycolysis must be converted back to _______

59
Q

Do not want build up of ______

60
Q

conversion of pyruvic acid into lactic acid

A

the addition of 2 H to pyruvic acid forms NAD and lactic acid

61
Q

slow glycolysis –>

A

pyruvate goes to Krebs cycle

62
Q

aerobic ATP production: Krebs cycle

A
  • pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl-CoA
    - CO2 is given off
  • acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate
  • produces 3 molecules of NADH and 1 FADH2
  • also forms one molecule of GTP (produces 1 ATP)
63
Q

fats and proteins in aerobic metabolism - fats

A

triglycerides- glycerol and fatty acids
fatty acids - acetyl CoA
glycerol is not an important muscle fuel during exercise

64
Q

fats and proteins in aerobic metabolism - protein

A

broken down into amino acids

- converted to glucose, pyruvic acid, acetyl-CoA, and Krebs cycle intermediates

65
Q

aerobic ATP production: ETC

A
  • oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mito
  • electrons removed from NADH and FADH are passed along a series of carriers to produce ATP
  • called the chemiosmotic hypothesis
  • H+ from NADH and FADH are accepted by O2 to form water
66
Q

the chemiosmotic hypothesis of ATP formation

A
  • ETC results in pumping of H+ ions across inner mitochondrial membrane (results in H+ gradient across membrane)
  • energy released to form ATP as H+ ions diffuse back across the membrane
67
Q

beta oxidation is the process of converting fatty acids to ___________

A

acetyl-CoA

68
Q

breakdown of triglycerides releases _________

A

fatty acids

69
Q

fatty acids must be converted to ________ to be used as fuel

A

acetyl-CoA

70
Q

free radicals are formed in the __________

A

mitochondria

71
Q

free radicals are produced by the passage of electrons along the ________

72
Q

free radicals react with other molecules in the _____

73
Q

aerobic exercise promotes the production of ________ in the mitochondria

A

free radicals

74
Q

efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • 1 mole of ATP has energy yield of 7.3 kcal
  • 32 moles of ATP formed from 1 mole of glucose
  • potential energy released from 1 mole of glucose is 686 kcal/mole
75
Q

overall efficiency of aerobic respiration is ______

76
Q

_____ of energy is released as heat

77
Q

about ______ of the energy from food we eat gets converted as ATP

78
Q

control of bioenergetics: rate-limiting enzymes

A

an enzyme that regulates rate of a metabolic pathway

79
Q

control of bioenergetics: modulators of rate-limiting enzymes

A

levels of ATP and ADP+Pi

80
Q

free radicals can _________ parts of the cell and are a product of __________

A

damage

metabolism

81
Q

high levels of ATP ______ ATP production

82
Q

low levels of ATP and high levels of ADP+Pi _______ ATP production

83
Q

pathway - ATP-PC system

rate-limiting enzyme ?

A

creatine kinase

84
Q

pathway - Glycolysis

enzyme - ?

A

phosphofructokinase

85
Q

pathway - Krebs Cycle

enzyme - ?

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase

86
Q

pathway - ETC

enzyme - ?

A

cytochrome oxidase

87
Q

RBC only have ________ (pathway)

A

glycolysis

88
Q

energy to perform exercise comes from interaction between _______ and ________ pathways

A

aerobic and anaerobic

89
Q

short-term, high intensity activities - contribution of ______ energy systems

90
Q

long-term, low to moderate intensity exercise - majority of ATP produced _____

A

aerobically

HSC 308: Exam 2 (3 decks)

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