Chapter 3

Question 1

Organic compounds

Answer 1

Carbon-based molecules usually containing hydrogen atoms in addition to carbon.

Question 2

Isomers

Answer 2

Compounds with the same formula but different structural arrangements

Question 3

Hydrocarbons

Answer 3

Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen (Methane)

Question 4

Functional groups

Answer 4

Five groups that affect a molecules function by participating in chemical reactions. Are Polar which makes them Hydrophilic

Question 5

Hydroxyl Group

Answer 5

Consist of a hydrogen atom, bonded to a oxygen atom, Which is bonded to the carbon skeleton

Question 6

Compounds containing hydroxyl groups

Answer 6

Alcohols (Ethanol)

Question 7

Carbonyl Group

Answer 7

a Carbon atom double bonded to a Oxygen atom

Question 8

Aldehyde

Answer 8

the carbonyl group is at the end

Question 9

Ketone

Answer 9

It is within the chain

Question 10

Simple sugars contain

Answer 10

a Carbonyl group and several Hydroxyl groups

Question 11

Carboxyl Group

Answer 11

consists of a carbon double bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.

Question 12

Carboxylic Acids

Answer 12

act as an acid by contributing H+ to a solution, making them ionized

Question 13

Amino Group

Answer 13

Nitrogen bonded to two Hydrogens and the carbon skeleton.

Question 14

Organic compounds with amino acids

Answer 14

are called Amines, they act as a base by picking up the H+ from a solution

Question 15

Amino Acids

Answer 15

contain an amino and carboxyl group

Question 16

Phosphate Group

Answer 16

consist of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. ATP

Question 17

Methyl Group

Answer 17

consists of a carbon bounded to three hydrogen atoms.

Question 18

Macromolecules

Answer 18

Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Question 19

Polymers

Answer 19

long molecules consisting of many identical or similar building blocks strung together

Question 20

Monomers

Answer 20

the building blocks of polymers

Question 21

how are monomers linked together

Answer 21

dehydration reaction

Question 22

dehydration reaction

Answer 22

a reaction that removes a molecules of water as two molecules become bonded together

Question 23

Hydrolysis

Answer 23

reverse of a dehydration reaction, cell does this to digest polymer

Question 24

Enzymes

Answer 24

specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells

Question 25

Carbohydrates

Answer 25

Class of molecules that range from small sugar molecules to large polysaccarides

Question 26

Monosaccharides

Answer 26

simple sugars that are the monomers of carbohydrates (glucose and fructose)

Question 27

Sugar molecule composition

Answer 27

one hydroxide group and one carbonyl group

Question 28

Monosaccharides

Answer 28

Particularly glucose are the main fuel molecules for cellular work

Question 29

Glucose

Answer 29

common monosaccharide C6H12O6

Question 30

Disaccharide

Answer 30

constructed from two monosaccharide monomers by dehydration reaction

Question 31

Polysaccarides

Answer 31

are Macromolecules, polymers of thousands of monosaccharides that can store molecules

Question 32

Glycogen

Answer 32

Polysaccaride that animals store glucose in

Question 33

Cellulose

Answer 33

Most abundant organic compound on Earth, is a polymer of glucose but monomers are arranged parallel to each other

Question 34

Lipids

Answer 34

Are a diverse group of molecules that are very hydrophobic

Question 35

Phospholipids

Answer 35

major component of cell membranes

Question 36

Fat

Answer 36

large lipid made from glycerol and fatty acids. Consist of three carbons, each bearing a hydroxy group

Question 37

Fatty Acid

Answer 37

a Carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain. The non polar C-H bonds are reason fats are hydrophobic

Question 38

Unsaturated Fatty acid

Answer 38

a fatty acid who's hydrocarbon chain contains one or more double bond (cause kinks)

Question 39

Hydrogenation

Answer 39

Adds hydrogen to convert them to saturated fats. also creates trans fats though

Question 40

Phospholipids

Answer 40

the major component of cell membranes. structurally singular to fats except they have two fatty acids attach to glycerol instead of three

Question 41

Steroids

Answer 41

are lipids in which the carbon skeleton contains four fused rings

Question 42

Cholesterol

Answer 42

A common component in animal cell membranes, precursor of making steroids including sex hormones

Question 43

Protein

Answer 43

A polymer of small building blocks called amino acids

Question 44

Receptor Proteins

Answer 44

Built into cell membranes receive and transmit such signals to your cells

Question 45

Collagen

Answer 45

structural protein forms long, strong fibers of connective tissues, 40% of protein in body is this

Question 46

Lysozyme

Answer 46

Consists of one long polymer of amino acids, that destroy bacterial cells

Question 47

Denaturation

Answer 47

A protein unravels losing its specific shape and function. excessive heat can do this

Question 48

Amino Acids

Answer 48

an amino and a carboxyl group

Question 49

Peptide Bond

Answer 49

cells join amino acid through dehydration reaction, linking two groups together with a water molecule removed

Question 50

Polypeptide

Answer 50

a chain of amino acids

Question 51

Gene

Answer 51

Programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

Question 52

RNA

Answer 52

ribonucleic acid is the intermediary that genes work through

Question 53

Nucleotide

Answer 53

The monomers that make up nucleic acids. A phosphate group bonded to a sugar which is bonded to a Nitrogen base.

Question 54

Polynucleotide

Answer 54

The sugar of one nucleotide bonds to the phosphate group on the next monomer