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Bio 2401 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The control center of the cell

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

A double membrane that separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm; form nuclear pores

A

Nuclear Envelope

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3
Q

Serve as sites where substances can move in or out of the nucleus

A

Nuclear Pores

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4
Q

A spherical body within the nucleus that is composed of RNA and proteins; site of ribosome production

A

Nucleolus

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5
Q

Loosely coiled fibers of DNA and proteins that are present in the nucleus. During cell division, the fibers become tightly coiled.

A

Chromatin

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6
Q

A thin, dynamic membrane that surrounds the cell. Composed of a bi-layer of phospholipid molecules with a fluid structure.

A

Cell membrane

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7
Q

Water loving

A

Hydrophilic (head)

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8
Q

Water hating

A

Hydrophobic (tail)

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9
Q

The basic unit of structure and function in living things.

A

Cell

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10
Q

The composite (traditional cell) contains three major components. What are the three major components?

A

Cell membrane

Nucleus

Cytoplasm containing organelles

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11
Q

What is the part of the cell that regulates the movement of compounds into and out of the cell. (what is this process called?)

A

Cell membrane (or selectively permeable)

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12
Q

Located within the cell membrane are several proteins and compounds. What are the function of these proteins and compounds?

A

They serve as either channels, transporters, receptors, or enzymes.

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13
Q

Allows small, nonpolar, uncharged molecules to pass and prevents ions or polar molecules to pass through the membrane.

A

Cell membrane

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14
Q

A jelly-like fluid that holds the cellular organelles and occupies space in the cell. Also allows movement within the cell.

A

Cytoplasm (cytosol)

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15
Q

Small granules located throughout the cytoplasm and certain organelle membranes. The cite of protein synthesis.

A

Ribosomes

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16
Q

Network of interconnected parallel membranes that is continuous with the nuclear membrane.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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17
Q

Membrane is covered in ribosomes. Involved with protein synthesis.

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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18
Q

Membrane does not contain ribosomes. involved with synthesis of lipids and drug breakdown.

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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19
Q

Flattened membranous space sacs associated with vesicles. Modify, package, and transport proteins.

A

Golgi Apparatus

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20
Q

Membranous sacs that contain digestive enzymes. Destroys any cellular debris or damaged cells.

A

Lysosomes

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21
Q

Site of cellular respiration. Conversion of glucose into ATP. Powerhouse of the cell.

A

Mitochodria

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22
Q

What are the three modifications that are commonly seen in cells?

A

Cillia Flagella Microvilli

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23
Q

Short, hair-like extensions that aid in movement of substances through passageways. Aid in protection of the trachea.

A

Cillia

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24
Q

Long, tail-like projection that aid in the movement of the cell. (found on sperm cells)

A

Flagellum (flagella)

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25
Q

Small finger-like projections on the surface of the cell; little folds. Leads to an increase in surface area, increasing absorption efficiency. Found in the digestive system.

A

Microvilli

26
Q

The movement of substances through the cell membrane. (two ways this can be done)

A

Passive Transport Active Transport

27
Q

This type of transport does not require energy, compounds move from an area of HIGH to an area of LOW. (down the concentration gradient)

A

Passive Transport

28
Q

This type of transport does require energy, compounds move from an area of LOW to an area of HIGH. (against the concentration gradient)

A

Active Transport

29
Q

What are the four types of passive membrane transport?

A

Simple diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion Filtration

30
Q

Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. (If the system is not disturbed, simple diffusion will result in what?)

A

Simple Diffusion (equilibrium)

31
Q

Diffusion of WATER molecules through a selectively permeable membrane to dilute a solute.

A

Osmosis

32
Q

What are the three types of solution associated with osmosis?

A

Hypertonic Hyptonic Isotonic

33
Q

High concentration of solute equals?..

A

Low concentration of solution (High osmotic pressure)

34
Q

Low concentration of solute equal?..

A

High concentration of solution (Low osmotic pressure)

35
Q

Solutions that have a lower osmotic pressure than body fluids. Cells placed in this solution will tend to gain water and swell.

A

Hypotonic

36
Q

A solution in which the osmotic pressure of both the cell and the body of fluid are the same. There is no net movement of water.

A

Isotonic

37
Q

Water and solutes are forced through a body membrane by the hydrosatic pressure. Concentration gradient is high to low. Example: blood filtered through the glomerulus of the kidney.

A

Filtration

38
Q

A modified version of diffusion. Concentration gradient is high to low. Requires a special carrier protein that transports molecules in and out of the cell.

A

Facilitated diffusion

39
Q

Molecules move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. This process requires ENERGY! or ATP! (sodium potassium pump)

A

Active transport

40
Q

What are the three other ways cells can bring particles into the cell?

A

Endocytosis Pinocytosis Phangocytosis

41
Q

What is Endocytosis?

A

When the cell brings in large particles.

42
Q

What is Pinocytosis?

A

When the cell brings in liquid droplets with liquid dissolved substances.

43
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

Engulfing of foreign particles or cellular debris.

44
Q

The removal of particles that are no longer needed by the cell. Cells get rid of something by dumping it into the extracellular fluid.

A

Exocytosis

45
Q

What are two major parts to cellular division?

A

Interphase Mitosis

46
Q

Represents the majority of a cell’s life and includes cell growth and duplication of DNA.

A

Interphase

47
Q

What are the three phases to Interphase?

A

GI: cell growth S phase: replication of genetic material G2: cell growth

48
Q

Division of nuclear parts. Separated over four stages that have distinct cellular events.

A

Mitosis

49
Q

What are the four stages of Mitosis?

A

Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

50
Q

Stage of mitosis in which chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Pairs of centrioles migrate to opposite ends of the cell. Nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear.

A

Prophase

51
Q

Stage of mitosis in which chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell between the centrioles. Centromere holding each pair of chromosomes attaches to a spindle fiber.

A

Metaphase

52
Q

Centromere holding the chromosome pair together separates. Individual chromosomes migrate in OPPOSITE directions on the spindle fibers.

A

Anaphase

53
Q

Chromosomes complete migration. Nuclear envelopes develop around each set of chromosomes and nucleolus develops. Spindle fivers disappear.

A

Telophase

54
Q

Division of cytoplasm forming two daughter cells. Completed at the end of telophase when the nuclei and cytoplasm of the two newly formed daughter cells are completely separated.

A

Cytokinesis

55
Q

Why is cell division important?

A

Tissue repair Growth of the organism Ability to form a multi-celled organism from one cell.

56
Q

What is pluripotent?

A

The ability of a cell to differentiate into any cell type (stem cells)

57
Q

How do stem cells divide?

A

Mitosis

58
Q

The uncontrolled proliferation and division of cells resulting in a tumor, growth, or neoplasm. (A malignant tumors metastasize, invading surrounding cells and tissue.)

A

Cancer

59
Q

What is the study of tumors?

A

Oncology

60
Q

Cells that divide into a specific cell line are called?

A

Progenitor cells

61
Q

The process of cell specialization is?

A

Differentiation

Bio 2401 (3 decks)

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