Chapter 3 Flashcards
Apothecary weight system
20 grains = 1 scruple
3 scruples = 1 dram
8 drams = 1 ounce
12 ounces = 1 pound
Household volume system
5 ml = 1 teaspoon 3 tsp = 1 tablespoon 2 tblspn = 1 fluid ounce 8 fl oz = 1 cup 2 cup = 1 pint 2 pint = 1 quart 4 quart = 1 gallon
Apothecary volume system
60 minims = 1 fluid dram
8 fluid drams = 1 fl oz
16 fl oz = 1 pint
Dose to be given
Desired dose (dd)/dose on hand (dh) x quantity = dose to be given
Child’s dose
Body surface area (square meters) / 1.73 m squared x adult dose = approximate dose for child
Temperature conversion
9c = 5f - 150
Signs of product instability
Physical instabilities - changes in color/ formation of precipitate
Chemical - may not be noticeable; changes in ph or chemical decomposition
Therapeutic. - mixing of two drugs, result in therapeutic response
Freezer
-25 and -10
Cold
Not exceeding 8c
Cool
Between 8 and 15c
Controlled cool temp
2-8c
Controlled room temp
20-25c
Warm
30-40c
Excessive heat
Above 40c
Dry place
Less than 40% humidity
Advantages of solid dose forms
Easy to package/transport/dispense Can do self dosing No smell or Taste Very stable Predicated dosage form can do sustained or delayed release
Tablet
Done by compressing or molding
Can be broken in halves or quarters
Capsule
Has a gelatin shell
Can be solid or liquid
Can be spherical or ovoid
Can be made by punch method
Effervescent salts
Granules or powders
Release co2 when dissolved in water
Implants or pellets
Placed under skin thru injection
Effective for a long time
Plaster
Adhere to skin by a backing material
Powders
Can be administered internally or externally
Not stable when exposed to air
Aromatic waters
Water - containing oils
Have a smell and are volatile
Collodion
Has pyroxylin
Dissolved in alcohol or ether
Elixir
Clear sweetened flavored hydro alcoholic solution
Has water and alcohol that May or may not be medicated
Enema
Administered rectally
Extract
Solution in which the active ingredients are removed from their source thru solvents
Douche
An irrigating or bathing solution
Liniments
Applied thru rubbing
Spirits
Alcoholic or hydro alcoholic
Has volatile aromatic ingredients
Syrups
Has sucrose
Tinctures
Alcoholic or hydro alcoholic solutions of pure chemicals or extracts
Lotion
Liquid that has insoluble solids or liquids
Gel
Two phase system
Semisolid, has extremely fine particles
Ointment
Semisolid / greasy thick oil
High viscosity
Anhydrous ointment
Absorb water
Insoluble in water
Not water washable
Oleaginous ointment
Insoluble in water
Don’t contain or absorb water
Not water washable
Pastes
Contain more solid materials than ointments
Cream
An emulsion of oil and water in approximately equal proportions
Mortar and pestle
Used to mix ingredients
Glass
Mix liquids and semisolids
Wedgwood
Used for trituration of crystals, granules and powders
Porcelain
Used for blending of powders
Blending
Combining two substances
Comminution
Reducing a substance to fine particles
Levigation
Trituration of a powder drug with a solvent in which the drug is insoluble
Pulverization by intervention
Reducing the size of a particle in a solid using an additional material
Sifting
A technique to blend or combine powders
Spatulation
Mixing powders using a spatula
Ingredients may liquefy on mixing
No reduction in particle size
Trituration
Rubbing, grinding , or pulverizing a powder to create fine particles
Tumbling
Combining powders in a bag and shaking it
Punch method procedure for capsules
Mix using geometric dilution
Preparing an emulsion using the wet gum method
One part gum and two parts water to form a mucilage
Add four parts oil - triturate slowly
Add additional ingredients
Continental/ dry gum method
One part gum, two parts water, four parts oil at same time
Wedgwood used to levigate gum and oil
Water is added and trituration continues
Beaker method
Water soluble and oil solute ingredients mixed in separate containers
Heat both phases
Mix
Final product cooled to room temp
Ante area
Area where everything is prepared
BUD
date a drug can’t be used anymore
Buffer area
Where hoods are kept and IV preparations take place
Critical site
An area exposed to air or touch- like vial, needle, or ampule
Direct compounding area (dca)
ISO class 5 area
Media-fill test
Test to make sure there wasn’t any contamination during the prep phase
Negative pressure room
Away from adjacent rooms
Positive pressure rooms
Out of or toward adjacent rooms
Type A hood
Recirculate part of the air within the hood
Type b1 hood
Expel most contaminated air thru a duct to outside and passes thru hepa filter
Type b2 hood
Remove all contaminated air to outside
Type b3 hood
Use recycled air within the hood
low risk level 1
use class 100 laminar flow hood no more than 3 products
medium risk level 2
no antibiotic present
multiple doses in one container
high risk level 3
all low or medium risk plus sterile products
preparing chemotherapy meds
use vertical laminar flow hood
special chemotherapy clothing
hands in hood shouldnt be on top of needle, vial, or iv bag
preparing parenteral antineoplastics
safety cabinet covered with a plastic-backed absorbent paper
double gloves
preparing TPN - total parenteral nutrition
premixed from manufacturer, but electrolytes, vitamins, and medications may be added at pharmacy
tpn = 50% dextrose, 10% aa, 20% fat
compounding methods for TPN
method 1: amino acids + dextrose, then fat, then additives
method 2: amino acids + fat, then dextrose, then additives
method 3: everything added at same time, then additives
preparing radiopharmaceuticals
person must wear meter
qc test is performed
vertical flow hood
solid waste
all solid, liquid and gaseous waste
hazardous material
any trash that could cause adverse effects on health and safety
must have msds
infections waste
blood, blood products, bodily fluids, infectious sharps waste, lab waste
ignitability
has flash point less than 60c; potassium permanganate, silver nitrate, collodion
corrosivity
has a pH less than 2 or greater than 12.5; glacial acetic acid, NaOH
reactivity
liable to explode, react violently, or release toxic gases when in contact w water; nitroglycerin
toxicity
conc of a substance thats above the limit; zinc, selenium
p list waste (controlled substances)
warfarin greater than .3% arsenic trioxide phentermine nicotine physostigmine epinephrine nitroglycerin
examples of hazardous drugs
asparaginase azathioprine bicalutamide bleomycin carmustine chloramphenicol dacarbazine estradiol fluoxymesterone oxytocin progesterone raloxifene tacrolimus tretinoin zidovudine
