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Biology Chapter 3 1st part > Chapter 3 1st part > Flashcards

Chapter 3 1st part Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  • Founder of genetics
A

Gregor Johann Mendel

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2
Q

The transmission of characteristics from
parents to offspring.

A

Heredity

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3
Q

observed seven characteristics of pea plants

A

Mendel

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4
Q

seven characteristics of pea plants

A

Pea shape (round or wrinkled)
● Pea color (green or yellow)
● Pod shape (constricted or inflated)
● Pod color (green or yellow)
● Flower color (purple or white)
● Plant size (tall or dwarf)
● Position of flowers (axial or terminal)

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5
Q

occurs when pollen grains produced in
the male reproductive parts of a flower, called the
anthers, are transferred to the female reproductive
part of a flower, called the stigma.

A

Pollination

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6
Q

occurs when pollen is transferred
from the anthers of a flower to the stigma of either
that flower or another
flower on the same plant

A

Self-pollination

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7
Q

is the field of biology devoted to
understanding how characteristics are transmitted
from parents to offspring.

A

Genetics

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8
Q

is the field of biology devoted to
understanding how characteristics are transmitted
from parents to offspring.

A

Genetics

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9
Q

occurs between flowers of two
plants. Pea plants normally reproduce through
self-pollination.

A

Cross-pollination

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10
Q

Plants that are (blank) or pure, for a trait always produce offspring with that trait when they
self-pollinate

A

true breeding

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11
Q

First filial generation
- He then allowed the flowers from the F1
generation to self-pollinate and collected the
seeds.

A

F1 generation

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12
Q
  • Second filial generation
  • Mendel performed hundreds of crosses and
    documented the results of each by counting
    and recording the observed traits of every
    cross.
A

F2 generation

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13
Q

allele produces a dominant phenotype in individuals who have one copy of the allele, which can come from just one parent.

A

Dominant

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14
Q
  • assortment states that factors separate
    independently of one another during the formation of gametes.
A

Law of Independent

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14
Q

states that a pair of factors is segregated, or separated, during the formation of gametes.

A

Law of Segregation

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14
Q

e alleles produce a recessive phenotype,
the individual must have two copies, one from each parent.

A

Recessive

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15
Q

is the study of the structure and function of chromosomes and genes.

A

Molecular genetics

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16
Q

two or more alternative forms of a gene

A

Allele

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17
Q

consists of the alleles that the organism
inherits from its parents

A

Genotype

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18
Q

two recessive alleles for white flower color, represented as

A

pp

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19
Q

When both alleles of a pair are alike

A

Homozygous

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20
Q
  • When the two alleles in the pair are different
A

Heterozygous

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21
Q

is the likelihood that a specific event will
occur.

A

Probability

22
Q

A cross in which only one characteristic is
tracked

A

Monohybrid Cross

23
Q

The offspring of a monohybrid cross

A

Monohybrids

24
Q

Biologists use a diagram, such as the one to
aid them in predicting the probable
distribution of inherited traits in the offspring.

A

Punnett Square

25
Q

The ratio of the genotypes that appear in offspring

A

Genotypic Ratio

26
Q

The ratio of the offspring’s phenotypes

A

Phenotypic Ratio

27
Q

which an individual of unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual.

A

Testcross

28
Q

one allele was completely dominant over another

A

Complete Dominance

29
Q

offspring will have a phenotype in between that of the parents

A

Incomplete Dominance

30
Q
  • occurs when both alleles for a gene are
    expressed in a heterozygous offspring
A

Codominance

31
Q

is a cross in which two characteristics are tracked.

A

Dihybrid Cross

32
Q
  • was studying a bacterium called
    Streptococcus pneumoniae
A

Frederick Griffith

33
Q

Griffith was trying to develop a vaccine
against a disease-causing, or virulent strain
of the bacterium.

A

Virulent

34
Q

This type of transfer of genetic material from
one cell to another cell or from one organism
to another organism

A

Transformation

35
Q

American researcher Oswald Avery and his colleagues set out to test whether the transforming agent in Griffith’s experiment was protein, RNA, or DNA.

A

Oswald Avery’ s Experiment

36
Q

Viruses that infect bacteria

A

Bacteriophages

37
Q

DNA is a nucleic acid made of two long
chains (also called strands) of repeating
subunits.

A

Nucleotide

38
Q

3 parts of Nucleotide:

A
  1. five-carbon sugar
  2. phosphate group
  3. a nitrogenous base.
39
Q
  • The five-carbon sugar in a DNA nucleotide
A

Deoxyribose

40
Q

contains nitrogen (N) atoms and carbon (C) atoms and is a base (accepts hydrogen ions).

A

Nitrogenous base

41
Q

The gene directs the making of the protein
called melanin (a pigment) in hair follicle
cells through an intermediate

A

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

42
Q

DNA acts as a template for the synthesis of RNA.

A

Transcription

43
Q
  • RNA directs the assembly of proteins.
    Forming proteins based on information in DNA and carried out by RNA is called
    protein synthesis, or gene expression.
A

Translation

44
Q

Nitrogenous bases that have a double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms, such as adenine and guanine

A

Purines

45
Q

Nitrogenous bases that have a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms, such as cytosine and thymine

A

Pyrimidines

46
Q

is the process by which DNA is copied in a cell before a cell divides by mitosis, meiosis, or binary fission.

A

DNA replication

47
Q

one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new

A

Semi-conservative Replication

48
Q

A change in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule

A

Mutation

49
Q

The gene directs the making of the protein called melanin (a pigment) in hair follicle cells through an intermediate

A

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

50
Q

DNA acts as a template for the synthesis of RNA.

A

Transcription

51
Q

RNA directs the assembly of proteins.
Forming proteins based on information in DNA and carried out by RNA is called
protein synthesis, or gene expression.

A

Translation

52
Q

a single-stranded RNA molecule that carries the instructions from a gene to make a protein.

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

53
Q

which is part of the structure of ribosomes.

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

54
Q

which transfers amino acids to the ribosome
to make a protein.

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

55
Q
  • is the process by which the genetic
    instructions in a specific gene are
    transcribed or “rewritten” into an RNA
    molecule.
A

Transcription

Biology Chapter 3 1st part (1 decks)

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