Chapter 3 - 1.A Bacteria and Archaea

Question 1

Histones

Answer 1

Proteins associated with eukaryotic DNA. These simple proteins serve as winding spools to compact and condense the chromosomes.

Question 2

glycosidic

Answer 2

Any of a group of organic compounds, occurring abundantly in plants, that yield a sugar and one or more nonsugar substances on hydrolysis.

Question 3

Attenuate

Answer 3

reduce the force, effect, or value of.
“this research provides a glimmer of hope that coral reefs can attenuate the effects of ocean acidification”

reduce in thickness; make thin.

reduced in force, effect, or physical thickness.
“the doctrines of Christianity became very attenuate and distorted”

Question 4

Distention

Answer 4

abnormal swelling in a person’s or animal’s body

Question 5

Cyanosis

Answer 5

a bluish coloration of the skin or mucous membranes, caused by lack of oxygen or abnormal hemoglobin in the blood

Question 6

Edema

Answer 6

the medical term for swelling. Body parts swell from injury or inflammation. It can affect a small area or the entire body. Medications, pregnancy, infections, and many other medical problems can cause edema. Edema happens when your small blood vessels leak fluid into nearby tissues.

Question 7

lymphadenopathy

Answer 7

refers to the enlargement of one or more lymph nodes, the bean-shaped glands found in the neck, armpits, chest, groin, and abdomen. Lymphadenopathy may occur in just one part of the body, in which case it is referred to as “localized” or it may be present in two or more body areas, in which case it is referred to as “generalized.” The condition most commonly affects nodes in the neck (cervical lymph nodes).

Question 8

Jaundice

Answer 8

a problem with the liver or bile ducts. When the liver is not working properly, it can cause a waste material called bilirubin to build up in the blood. With moderate bilirubin levels, a person’s skin, eyes, and mucous membranes can turn yellow.

Question 9

leukocytosis

Answer 9

a type of white blood cell (WBC) that help protect your body against illness and infection.

Leukocytosis is condition characterized by increased levels of leukocytes in the blood. Although this typically occurs when you’re sick, it can also be caused by several other factors, such as stress.

Question 10

contraindications

Answer 10

Anything (including a symptom or medical condition) that is a reason for a person to not receive a particular treatment or procedure because it may be harmful. For example, having a bleeding disorder is a contraindication for taking aspirin because treatment with aspirin may cause excess bleeding.

Question 11

morphology

Question 12

Endotoxin

Answer 12

a toxin that is present inside a bacterial cell and is released when the cell disintegrates. It is sometimes responsible for the characteristic symptoms of a disease, e.g., in botulism.

Question 13

Lysis

Answer 13

the disintegration of a cell by rupture of the cell wall or membrane.

Question 14

oligosaccharide

Answer 14

a carbohydrate whose molecules are composed of a relatively small number of monosaccharide units.

Question 15

porin

Answer 15

any of a class of proteins whose molecules can form channels (large enough to allow the passage of small ions and molecules) through cellular membranes.

Question 16

antigen

Answer 16

a toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

Question 17

Cell membrane

Answer 17

a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space) and protects the cell from its environment.[1][2] The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer, made up of two layers of phospholipids with cholesterols (a lipid component) interspersed between them, maintaining appropriate membrane fluidity at various temperatures. The membrane also contains membrane proteins, including integral proteins that span the membrane and serve as membrane transporters, and peripheral proteins that loosely attach to the outer (peripheral) side of the cell membrane, acting as enzymes to facilitate interaction with the cell’s environment.[

Question 18

extracellular matrix

Answer 18

A large network of proteins and other molecules that surround, support, and give structure to cells and tissues in the body. The extracellular matrix helps cells attach to, and communicate with, nearby cells, and plays an important role in cell growth, cell movement, and other cell functions.

Question 19

cell envelope

Answer 19

comprises the inner cell membrane and the cell wall of a bacterium. In gram-negative bacteria an outer membrane is also included.[1] This envelope is not present in the Mollicutes where the cell wall is absent.