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World Civ > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Africa

A

The second largest continent in the world, home to humans’ first ancestors

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2
Q

Oral tradition

A

Passing down history from generation to generation by means of storytelling

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3
Q

Sahara

A

The largest desert in the world, located on North Africa

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4
Q

Savanna

A

The grassy plains of Africa which are Africa’s most populated region

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5
Q

Kalahari

A

A desert located in South Arica

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6
Q

Great Rift Valley

A

The world’s largest trench, running from Southeast Asia through East Africa which was a great way of transportation

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7
Q

Kilimanjaro

A

The largest mountain in Africa near the Great Rift Valley close to the East coast

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8
Q

Niger River

A

A river located in West Africa

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9
Q

Nubia (Kush)

A

An ancient civilization of Africa on the Upper-Nile occurring at the same time as Egypt, located in Sudan. It fought for power with Egypt and was invaded by the Assyrians. It was polytheistic and ended when Axum conquered it. It had an alphabet which has not been deciphered

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10
Q

Kush

A

Another word for Nubia

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11
Q

Sudan

A

A modern-day country in North Africa, now split into North and South Sudan

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12
Q

Ethiopia

A

A modern-day country in East Africa that remained Christian despite surrounding regions converting to Islam

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13
Q

Rain forest

A

A dense forest which receives a lot of rain but has poor soil

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14
Q

Axum

A

The Kingdom to the south of Nubia which conquered and ended it

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15
Q

King Ezana

A

The King of Axum who conquered Kush

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16
Q

Nok

A

The culture of West Africa

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17
Q

Agrarian

A

Agriculture-based

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18
Q

Bantu

A

The ROOT language of Ancient West African migrators

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19
Q

Bantu Migration

A

The migration of West African farmers and herders to the south

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20
Q

Griots

A

Historic professional storytellers

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21
Q

Thin Soil

A

Poor soil that cannot sustain life of large plants, found in Central African Savannas

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22
Q

Regular coastline

A

A coastline that is generally in a straight line

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23
Q

Equator

A

The imaginary line running around the center of the globe with a latitude of 0

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24
Q

Lineage

A

The tracing of ancestry

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25
Q

Matrilineal lineage

A

Ancestry of the mother’s side, more important than patrilineal lineage in Ancient Africa

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26
Q

Patrilineal lineage

A

Ancestry on the father’s side

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27
Q

Deities

A

gods or powerful god-like figures

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28
Q

Natural resources

A

Goods that come from nature which can be sold, traded, and bought EXAMPLE: salt and gold in West Africa

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29
Q

Ghana

A

The first kingdom in West Africa, “Land of the Kings”

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30
Q

Senegal River

A

A river in West Africa flowing northwest to the Atlantic Ocean

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31
Q

Almoravids

A

The Muslim kingdom to the North which conquered Ghana

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32
Q

Mali

A

The second kingdom of West Africa, “Where the King Dwells”

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33
Q

Sundiata

A

Founder of the Mali empire

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34
Q

Mansa Umsa

A

The greatest leader of Mali who traveled to Mecca and gave away gold to prove his devotion to Islam

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35
Q

Timbuktu

A

The capital of Ancient Mali

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36
Q

Mosque

A

A Muslim house of worship

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37
Q

Berbers

A

The North African kingdom who defeated Mali

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38
Q

Songhai

A

The 3rd kingdom of West Africa

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39
Q

What did the 3 Kingdoms of West Africa have in common (6)

A
  • They ended when Northern nomads invaded
  • Each was larger than the previous (Songhai: biggest, Ghana: smallest)
  • Kingdoms of the Niger River
  • They has salt in the NORTH and gold in the SOUTH
  • They were Islamic
  • They traded with the East, which led to Arab influence
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40
Q

King Sonni Ali

A

The founder of the Songhai empire

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41
Q

Askia Muhammad

A

The successor of Sonni Ali who set up a Muslim dynasty in the Songhai empire

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42
Q

Moroccans

A

The conquerers of Songhai from the North

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43
Q

Swahili

A

A Bantu language and culture of Africa

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44
Q

Bantu Kingdom

A

A tribe originating in central Africa

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45
Q

Great Zimbabwe

A

A civilization of East Africa which we have found large, impressive ruins of architecture

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46
Q

Imperialism

A

A political, cultural, and economical rule of one government over another

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47
Q

Colonialism

A

A political, cultural, and economic rule of one government over another with harsher rule and less freedom

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48
Q

Judaism

A

The1st of the 3 main monotheistic religions started by Abraham

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49
Q

Idolatry

A

The religious worship of idols

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50
Q

Ethical monotheism

A

A set of religious beliefs focused on one god and a set of moral principles

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51
Q

Abraham

A

The founder of Judaism who was told by G-d the Jewish people would be G-d’s people and he would be their G-d

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52
Q

Moses

A

An ancient prophet of Judaism who received the10 commandments (Mosaic law)

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53
Q

Diaspora

A

The spreading of Jews around the word after the Babylonian captivity

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54
Q

Atheist

A

One who does not believe in a G-d

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55
Q

Agnostic

A

One who is unsure whether there is a G-d

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56
Q

Covenant

A

An agreement or promise

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57
Q

Prophet

A

A person who communicates with G-d, interprets his message, and shares it with others

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58
Q

Torah

A

The sacred, most important text of the Jews which contains the 5 books Genesis, Exodus, Deuteronomy, Leviticus, and Numbers

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59
Q

Talmud

A

Another sacred text of Jews which contains moral laws

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60
Q

Mosaic Law

A

The Ten Cmmandments

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61
Q

Province

A

An administrative unit of a country or empire

62
Q

Governor

A

A leader of a state or province

63
Q

Messiah

A

The appointed one, a savior sent by G-d

64
Q

Jesus

A

The Jewish Messiah of Christians whose teachings were rooted in Judaism, was crucified

65
Q

Disciples

A

Followers

66
Q

Apostles

A

12 of Jesus’ close,recruited disciples

67
Q

Crucifixion

A

The execution process where one is bound or nailed to a cross and let to die

68
Q

Paul

A

The most important person in spreading Christianity. Began as one of Jesus’ prosecutors but had a vision of Jesus and started spreading his teachings and expanding the religion

69
Q

Scapegoats

A

People who are blamed for something but not actually at fault

70
Q

Martyrs

A

People who die or suffer for their beliefs

71
Q

Constantine

A

The Roman Empire who ended persecution of Christians in Rome

72
Q

Theodosius

A

The emperor who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire

73
Q

Pagan

A

A person who believes in polytheism or a religion which is not the norm of their society

74
Q

Bishop

A

A Christian official who is responsible for many priests

75
Q

Patriarchs

A

Bishops responsible for the most important cities: Rome, Alexandria, Jerusalem, Constantinople, and Antiarch

76
Q

Trinity

A

The group of holy figures of Christianity which include G-d, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit

77
Q

Pope

A

Patriarch of Rome which had the most followers, head of the Christian Church

78
Q

What are the four levels of the Christian clergy?

A

Priest, Bishop, Patriarch, Pope

79
Q

Pontifex Maximus

A

The origin of the word “Pope” which originally was the head of polytheism

80
Q

Muslim

A

A follower of Islam

81
Q

Islam

A

The 3rd monotheistic religion founded by Muhammad

82
Q

Allah

A

The G-d of Islam

83
Q

Historical dialogue

A

Conversations between G-d and prophets which revealed G-d’s word

84
Q

Quran (Koran)

A

The sacred text of Islam

85
Q

Muhammad

A

The founder of Islam who was born a poor merchant but was visited by the angel Gabriel who told him he would be the last and most important prophet

86
Q

Bedouins

A

Fighting-skilled nomads

87
Q

Peninsula

A

An area of land sticking out from a larger piece of land with water on 3 sides

88
Q

Medina

A

The sacred city of Muslims which Muhammad fled to when threatened with death

89
Q

Mecca

A

The birthplace of Muhammad and Islam

90
Q

Status Quo

A

The existing state or condition

91
Q

Kaaba

A

The religious area in Mecca which contains the sacred stone given from G-d to Abraham, the object of religious pilgrimage

92
Q

Hegira

A

Muhammad’s exodus from Mecca to Medina to escape death

93
Q

Ummah

A

The Islamic community

94
Q

Hadith

A

The record of the sayings and traditions of Muhammad.

95
Q

Shariah

A

The law of Islam that one must submit to and devote themselves to the will of Allah

96
Q

Jihad

A

The duty of struggle in G-d’s service of Islam

97
Q

Pillars of faith

A

The 5 duties of Muslims

98
Q

What are the 5 pillars of faith?

A
  1. Hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca
  2. Alms- giving charity to the poor (helping the poor make Hajj)
  3. Daily prayer
  4. Declaration of faith
  5. Fasting on the holy month of Ramadan from sunrise to sundown
99
Q

Alms

A

Donations given to the poor

100
Q

Ramadan

A

A holy month for Muslims in which they fast from sunrise to sunset. This was the month of Muhammad’s revelation from Gabriel.

101
Q

Hajj

A

One of the 5 pillars of Islam, the holy pilgrimage to Mecca

102
Q

Sunni

A

One of the subdivisions of Islam which is the majority and follows caliphs

103
Q

Shiite

A

The other subdivision of Islam which were more conservatives and followed Imams

104
Q

Caliph

A

Successor to Muhammad, followed by the Sunnis

105
Q

Imam

A

Officiating priest of a mosque, followed by Shiites

106
Q

Othello

A

The Moorish general in a Shakespearian tradgedy

107
Q

Rightly guided caliphs

A

First four caliphs after Muhammad

108
Q

Umayyad

A

A dynasty set up by a powerful Meccan clan of Sunni caliphs, ruled the Muslim empire until 750

109
Q

Abbasid

A

The dynasty set up by the survivor of the Umayyad family, Abu al-Abbas

110
Q

Varna

A

Traditional classes of India, the caste system

111
Q

Jati

A

The set of occupations designated to each Varna

112
Q

Vedas

A

Religious texts of the Aryans

113
Q

Brahman

A

The single, all-powerful, universal spirit that resided in all things. It existed beyond many gods.

114
Q

Hinduism

A

The religion formed in India by the interpretations of the Vedas by Brahmin priests which stresses karma, dharma, and reincarnations

115
Q

Monism

A

The philosophy that all of reality consists of one element

116
Q

Reincarnation

A

Rebirth into a new life, which each life status being the result of actions in past lives

117
Q

Transmigration

A

The moving of a soul from one body to another

118
Q

Cstes

A

The social class system of ancient India which people were born into and could not change

119
Q

Pariah

A

A member of a low caste, and outcast

120
Q

Dharma

A

The religious and moral duties of an individual according to Hinduism

121
Q

Karma

A

All of the actions in a person’s life that affect their fate in future lives

122
Q

Moksha

A

The ultimate goal of existence according to Hindus, the union with Brahma and the universal soul and the escape from reincarnation

123
Q

Yoga

A

A spiritual exercise which involved meditation, breathing, stretching, and reflection

124
Q

Brahman Trinity

A

The holy trinity of the Hindus which include Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva

125
Q

Brahma

A

A member of the Brahman trinity, the creator

126
Q

Vishnu

A

A member of the Brahman trinity, the preserver

127
Q

Siva

A

A member of the Brahman trinity, the destroyer

128
Q

Jainism

A

The religion that grew out of Hinduism, started by Mahavira, stressed meditation and self-denial

129
Q

Buddhism

A

A religion that emerged from Hinduism when Siddharta became enlightened

130
Q

Siddharta

A

The starter of Buddhism who became enlightened when he left his life of a prince to discover why there was suffering. He became a teacher to spread his newly discovered enlightened way of life

131
Q

Four noble truths

A

The four concepts that Buddha taught that lie at the heart of Buddhism.

132
Q

List the four noble truths

A
  1. Al the world is full of suffering.
  2. Greed is the cause of suffering.
  3. In order to overcome suffering, one must renounce greed.
  4. In order to renounce greed, one must follow the eightfold path.
133
Q

Eightfold path

A

The eight moral guidelines taught by Buddha to overcome suffering. It includes guidelines for moral actions and views.

134
Q

Nirvana

A

The union with the universal spirit, the escape from reincarnation, and the ultimate goal for Buddhists.

135
Q

Compare and contrast nirvana and moksha

A

Both are a union with the universal spirit, moksha is Hindu, nirvana is Buddhist.

136
Q

Hinayana (Therevada)

A

One of the two major sects of Buddhism that said Buddha was not a god and only special, select people could reach nirvana.

137
Q

Mahayana

A

The other sect of Buddhism which worshipped Buddha as a god and said anyone could reach nirvana.

138
Q

Naturalist

A

One who is interested in the natural world, not the spiritual world

139
Q

Dualism

A

The concept of the balance between good and evil forces or yen and yang

140
Q

Yen

A

The force of femininity, darkness, cold, and passiveness

141
Q

Yang

A

The force of masculinity, light, warmth, and action

142
Q

Confucius

A

The Chinese thinker who developed Confucianism

143
Q

Confucianism

A

the set of beliefs founded by Confucius which stressed the five relationships, responsibility, filial piety, yin and yang, and virtuous government

144
Q

Reciprocity

A

A mutual exchange, ie Confucius’s negative golden rule

145
Q

Analects

A

The gatherings of Confucius’s saying and teachings by his students

146
Q

Daoism

A

the set of beliefs started by Laozi which stressed harmony of nature, yielding, and the Dao (way of the universe)

147
Q

Laozi

A

The Chinese thinker who founded Daoism

148
Q

Legalism

A

the government of the Qin dynasty which imposed harsh punishment for disobeying and disagreeing with the law and a strong and powerful, not moral, government

149
Q

Mandate of Heaven

A

The support and favor of the gods for one dynasty

150
Q

People of the Book

A

What Muslims called Jews and Christians

World Civ (2 decks)

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