CHAPTER 3 Flashcards
Ignis, “_______”
fire
Formed by cooling and solidification of magma
IGNEOUS ROCKS
2 TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
extrusive
intrusive
At the crust surface
extrusive
Beneath the earth’s surface
INTRUSIVE
2 types of intrusive rocks
plutonic rocks
hypabyssal rocks
Crystallizes at great depths
PLUTONIC ROCKS
When magma Solidifies
close to the earth surface
HYPABYSSAL ROCKS
4 igneous rock texture
glassy
aphanitic
phaneritic
porphyritic
Fine-grain igneous rock
aphanitic
Similar to broken glass
glassy
Mineral grains are large enough to be seen
PHANERITIC
Large crystals in a fire-grained matrix
PORPHYRITIC
4 classification of igneous rocks
FELSIC IGNEOUS ROCK
INTERMEDIATE IGNEOUS ROCK
MAFIC IGNEOUS ROCK
ULTRAMAFIC IGNEOUS ROCK
is an igneous rock, so it is commonly found underground near volcanoes and it can occur as border rocks around granitic and other plutons.
GABBRO
is a dense mafic rock
GABBRO
gabbro has a silica content of?
45-52%
is an igneous rock characterized by thelarge crystals that it contains which can be meters long, and its variable texture
Pegmatite
- Plutonic rock, of variable texture and coarseness
- Mainly composed of three minerals: quartz, orthoclase (K-feldspar) and albite (Na-feldspar)
- Yellowish-white rock
Pegmatite
is a dark-colored igneous rock thatoccurs in dikes, sills, and other shallow intrusions in the Earth’s crust. It is also known as diabase in North America. It is commonly found in regions of tectonic extension.
DOLERITE
is chemically and mineralogically similar to gabbro so it is also called “microgabbro”, but with significantly smaller crystal grains, essentially making it a “fine-grained” version of gabbro
DOLERITE
is an igneous rock and it’s the most common volcanic rock on Earth.It is also present on the Moon, Mars, Venus, and Mercury.
BASALT
A hard and tough rock with an average density between 2.65 and 2.75 g/cm. It is found in abundance in all continents as part of the continental crust
GRANITE
is a type of igneous rock that is strong and durable. It is composed of quartz, feldspar, and mica, and is often used for countertops, flooring, and other decorative purposes.
GRANITE
is very rich in silica; therefore it is very much resistant to decay.
GRANITE
a coarse- grained intrusive igneous rock with a general composition similar to that of granite, but deficient in quartz
SYENITE
is a relatively rare rock that is gray or dark- gray in color, with coarse grains.
DIORITE
Rocks made of lithified sediments
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Is formed deposits of pre-existing rocks or pieces of one’s living organisms that accumulate on the earth’s surface. It is often have distinctive layering of bedding
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Loose, solid particles originating from:
-Weathering and erosion of pre-existing rocks
-Chemical precipitation from solution including secretion by organisms in water
SEDIMENTS
3 types of sedimentary rocks
- clastic sedimentary rock
- chemical sedimentary rock
- organic sedimentary rock
It is formed from broken rocks fragments weathered and eroded by river, glacier, wind, and sea waves rocks fragments include pebble, sand silt, and clay. It usually form in water environment such as river, lakes, ocean but can also form in deserts
Clastic Sedimentary Rock
Formed when the water components evaporated, leaving dissolved minerals behind. Very common in arid lands such as the deposits of salts and gypsum.
Chemical Sedimentary Rock
- Formed from the accumulation of any animals or plants debris such as shells and bones
- These plants and animals debris have calcium minerals in them that pile on the sea floor over time to form organic sedimentary rock
Organic Sedimentary Rock
is a sedimentary rock, generally white in color, and forms from the remains of once-living things at the bottom of the oceans.
- generally contains shells or bones of animals or remains of plants
LIMESTONE
The remains of plants or animals from a long time ago are called ______
fossils.
Forms in marine environments due to accumulation of coral, shell fragments, and calcite precipitation
- Found in sedimentary basins, continental shelves, and reefs
- Major deposits in Europe, North America, and Asia
LIMESTONE
is formed when sand is glued (cemented) together.
- is mostly made up of quartz.
- when formed in water may have a layer that looks like ripples or waves.
- Found in fluvial (river), alluvial fan, and glacial deposits
- Often forms at the base of mountain ranges and near ancient river systems
sandstone
form from larger rocks, made up of round pebbles, stones, or even boulders that are carried by fast-moving water.
CONGLOMERATE
The word Conglomerate originates from a Latin word that means __________ Rocks mix with sand and are bound together by natural cement.
‘lumped together.’
are rough and chunky because they are made up of a collection of other rocks.
Conglomerates
is a clastic sedimentary rock made up of broken mineral fragments or rocks bonded together by a coarse-grained matrix that can be similar to or different from the composition of fragments.
- Forms in fault zones, landslides, volcanic eruptions, and impact craters
- Found in tectonically active regions
BRECCIA
can vary in color depending on their composition. ____ can be dark grey, greenish, reddish, and brown or yellowish brown. Because of _______ finely-grained clay minerals, they are relatively smooth. They easily break along thin layers or flat planes to varying degrees.
- Common in river deltas, deserts, beaches, and shallow marine environments
- Found in sedimentary basins and ancient riverbeds
SHALE ROCKS
are formed from the alteration of pre-existing rocks due to heat, pressure, and chemical processes
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
is the transformation of existing rock to rock with a different mineral composition or texture
METAMORPHISM
2 CLASSIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS
foliated
non foliated
- Occurs over large areas due to tectonic forces. It involves both high pressure and temperature
FOLIATED ROCKS
Occurs when rocks are subjected to high temperature due to their proximity to molten magma or lava
NON-FOLIATED ROCKS
2 texture of metamorphic rocks
crystalloblastic
Palimpsest (Relict)
Textures which have developed newly during the process of metamorphism
Crystalloblastic
2 kinds of Crystalloblastic textures:
- Xenoblastic
- Idioblastic
Textures which belong to parent rocks but still retained in metamorphism rocks
Palimpsest (Relict)
is a non-foliated metamorphic rock composed almost entirely of quartz.
- It is dominated by quartz, and in many cases, the original quartz grains of the sandstone are welded together with additional silica.
QUARTZITE
is metamorphosed sandstone.
- It forms when a quartz-rich sandstone is altered by the heat, pressure, and chemical activity of metamorphism.
QUARTZITE
The word “marble” derives from the Ancient Greek _________ , “crystalline rock, shining stone”
mármaros
is a granular metamorphic rock, it is derived from limestone or dolomite and it consists of a mass of interlocking grains of calcite or the mineral dolomite.
MARBLE
Form of it when limestone buried deep in the older layers of Earth’s crust is subjected to heat and pressure from thick layers of overlying sediments.
MARBLE
comes from the Old French word “scalar” meaning fragment, from the verb slater, to shatter.
- Is a fine-grained, foliated metamorphic rock this is created via the alteration of shale or mudstone by means of low-grade local metamorphism. It is famous for a extensive form of makes use of such as roofing, floors, and flagging due to its sturdiness and appealing look.
SLATE
usually formed from mudstone that has been put under pressure and heated up during plate collisions and mountain building.
SLATE
It originates from the German word Gneiss, meaning _____
It is a foliated metamorphic rock.
“spark.”
It forms under high-grade regional metamorphic conditions.
- It develops from pre-existing igneous or sedimentary rocks.
- It develops from the metamorphism of shale, granite, or volcanic rocks
GNEISS
The name __________ comes from a Greek word meaning “to split.”
It is a foliated medium-grade metamorphic rock.
- It contains well-developed mica minerals, such as biotite, chlorite, and muscovite.
- It has a distinct schistosity texture, which gives it a layered appearance.
“schist”
