Chapter 3 Flashcards
Alleles
Alternate forms of a gene. Occur at the same locus on paired chromosomes and this govern the same trait, but because they’re different, their action may result on different expressions of that trait.
DNA
The double stranded molecule that contains the genetic code. DNS is a main component of chromosomes.
Cells
A complex unit of protoplasm, usually with a nucleus, cytoplasm, and an enclosing membrane. Carrys out all functions
Nucleus
A large structure found in all eukaryotic cells. Contains al the chromosomes and is enclosed by a nuclear membrane
DNA
A large organic molecule that stores the genetic code for the synthesis of proteins. Each chromosome consist mostly of a DNA molecules. Segments of dynamic corrrespond to specific genes. Double helix shaped
Cytoplasm
All of the material within a cell bettered the nuclear and cell membranes. Consists of semi fluid water rich viscous gel and contains numerous specialized structures or organelles involved with cell function
X chromosome
Xx= female (sex chromosome)
Y chromosome
Xy= male chromosomes
Ribosomes
Small structures usually near the surface of endoplasmic reticular in the cytoplasm of cells. Sites here proteins are assembled.
Sex chromosome
The x and u chromosomes which are responsible for determining whether an individual is a male or female
Gametes
Sex cells involved in reproduction. Produced by meiosis. Are egg/sperm cells. Forms a zygote when combined with a sex cell
Somatic cells
All the cells in the body except those directly involved with reproduction. Reproduce by mitosis and have a diploid number of chromosomes
Nucleotide
The basic building block of a nucleus acid/ DNA molecule
Meiosis
Involved in the production of sex/gametes cells. Specialized in ovaries and testes. Involved in two division and results in four daughter cells, each only containing only half the original number if chromosomes.
Double helix
The twisted ladder shape that is characteristic of DNA molecules
Uracil
One of the four nucleobases in the nucleus acid of RNA
Adenine
A nucleobase which dictated cellular respiration and involved in protein synthesis
Thymine
A nucleobase that paired with adenine in DNA sequences and is replaced by uracil in mRNA
Guanine
One of the four nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA
Cytosine
A compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of nucleic acids. It is paired with guanine I double stranded DNA
Transcription
The process of transcribing or making a copy of genetic info stored in a DNA strain into a complementary strand of RNA
tRNA
A form of RNA that binds to specific amino acid molecules and transports them to the ribosomes for the assembly of proteins. Temporarily bond with corresponding messenger RNA condons at the ribosomes in the process of protein synthesis
mRNA
A very short form of RNA that carries a copy of a specific sequence of genetic info from the DNA in the cell nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where it is translated in order to synthesize a protein. Assemble in on one strand of a DNA molecule
Amino acids
Organic molecules that are the building Blocks of proteins. At least 20 diff kinds. Composed of different combos of amino acids assembled in chain like molecules. Composed of carbon oxygen hydrogen and nitrogen
Ribosomal RNA
The RNA molecules that are located in the ribosomes
Codon
A sequence of three nucleotide bases in DNA or RNA molecule that code for a specific type of amino acid that will be use in the synthesis of a protein
Gene
Inheritance usually occurring at specific locations or loci on a chromosome. A sequence d DNA bases that specify the order of amino acids in a protein
Hemoglobin
A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen
Genome
The full genetic complement of an individual.
Trisomy
The prescience of an extra chromosome in cells. Can lead to Down syndrome
Allele
Alternate forms of a gene
Locus
The position on a chromosome where a given gene occurs.
Sickle cell anemia
A severe inherited hemoglobin disorder in which red blood cells collapse when deprived of oxygen. Results from inheriting two copies of a mutant allele
Point mutation
A change in one of the four DNA bases/ important in new genetic variation in populations
Human chromosome numbers
Each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosome for a total of 46
Proteins
Any of large number of organic molecules that are compose of one or more chains of amino acids. Able to bind to other molecules. Transport molecules in blood, structural components, enzymes hormones antibodies or neurotransmitter a
Autosomes
Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome
Karyotypes
A standardized arrangement of picture of an individuals chromosomes. Used to identify Ingrid’s chromosome abnormalities are present
Mitosis
The simple cell division that occurs I somatic cells. One cell divided in two offspring cells that are identical to each other in their chromosome complement.
Cell replacement
Used for treatment for a wide range of debilitating diseases
Crossing over
The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes at the beginning of meiosis. Results in sperm and ova with greater genetic diversity due to a recombination of genes
Homologous chromosomes
Chromosomes that are paired during meiosis.
Reduction division
Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms.
Non disjunction
The failure of sister chromatids to deprecate during and after mitosis. (In meiosis it is the failure of homologous chromosomes to segregate or to separate during and after meiosis.
Recombination
The creation of new combination of genes on a chromosome that results from crossing over
Polymerase chain reaction
A biochemical technology in molecular biology to amplify a single or few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating 1000s to 10000s of copies of a particular DNA sequence
Trisomies
An abnormal condition where there are three copies in stead of two, of a particular chromosome within a cell
Human genome project
A multinational research effort designed to identify and map the location of all human genes
