Chapter 3

Question 1

set of individuals selected from a population

Answer 1

sample

Question 2

a characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals

Answer 2

variable

Question 3

a single measurement or observation

Answer 3

score/raw score

Question 4

a collection of measurement or observation

Answer 4

data set

Question 5

a value that describes a population

Answer 5

parameter

Question 6

a value that describes a sample

Answer 6

statistic

Question 7

statistical procedures used to summarize, organize, and simplify data

Answer 7

descriptive statistics

Question 8

consists of techniques that allow us to study samples and make generalizations about the population from which they are selected

Answer 8

Inferential statistics

Question 9

discrepancy between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter

Answer 9

sampling error

Question 10

internal attributes that cannot be directly observed but ade useful for describing behavior

Answer 10

constructs

Question 11

identifies a measurement procedure for measuring an external behavior and uses the resulting measurements as a definition

Answer 11

operational definition

Question 12

two components of operational definition

Answer 12

1. describes a set of operations for measuring a construct
2. defines the construct in terms of the resulting measurement

Question 13

a type of variable that consists of separate, indivisible categories, and is commonly restricted to whole integers, countable numbers

Answer 13

discrete variable

Question 14

a type of variable that is divisible into an infinite number of fractional parts

Answer 14

continuous variable

Question 15

the property of “moreness” (e.g., Lei is shorter than Zi)

Answer 15

magnitude

Question 16

difference between two points at any place on the scale

Answer 16

equal intervals

Question 17

obtained when nothing of the property being measured exists (e.g., heart rate, blood pressure, weight)

Answer 17

absolute 0

Question 18

a scale of measurement that involves classifying individuals into categories that have different names but are but numerically related to each other (e.g., race, gender)

Answer 18

nominal

Question 19

a set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence (e.g., military ranks)

Answer 19

ordinal

Question 20

consists of ordered categories that are all intervals of the same size

zero point is arbitrary (e.g., time, temperature)

Answer 20

interval

Question 21

an interval scale with the additional feature of an absolute zero point.

zero point is not arbitrary (e.g., height, weight)

Answer 21

ratio

Question 22

displays scores on a variable or a measure to reflect how frequent each value was obtained.

Answer 22

frequency distribution

Question 23

scores are arranged on the __________ axis from the lowest to higher value

Answer 23

horizontal

Question 24

the ________ axis reflects how many times each of the values on the axis was observed

Answer 24

vertical

Question 25

for most distribution, frequency distribution is ___________

Answer 25

bell-shaped

Question 26

unit on the horizon axis that can be arbitrarily chosen

Answer 26

class interval

Question 27

distribution of data that has a longer tail on the right side of the distribution

Answer 27

positively skewed

Question 28

distribution of data that has a longer tail on the left side of the distribution

Answer 28

negatively skewed

Question 29

shows the percentage of scores within a norm group that is lower than the score being measured

Answer 29

percentile ranks

Question 30

average score in a distribution

Answer 30

mean x̄

Question 31

the average squared deviation around the mean and is used to get rid of any negative signs in the variability

Answer 31

variance (σ² or S²)

Question 32

an approximation of the average deviation around the mean. the square root of variance

Answer 32

standard deviation (σ or S)

Question 33

transforms data into standardized units that are easier to interpret

Answer 33

z-score

Question 34

normal distribution is also known as

Answer 34

symmetrical binomial probability distribution

Question 35

z-score can be transformed to t-score by applying ______ transformation

Answer 35

linear

Question 36

points that divide the frequency distribution into equal fourths

Answer 36

quartiles

Question 37

interval of scores bounded ny the 25th and 75th percentiles

Answer 37

interquartile range

Question 38

points that mark 10% interval

Answer 38

deciles

Question 39

converts any set if score into a transformed scale that range from 1-9

Answer 39

statine system

Question 40

where & when did the stanine system develop?

Answer 40

US Air Force, World War 2

Question 41

used to give information about performance relative to what has been observed in a standardization sample

Answer 41

norms

Question 42

used to document specific skills rather than to compare people

Answer 42

criterion-referenced tests

Question 43

compares each person with a norm

Answer 43

norm-referenced tests