Chapter 3 Flashcards
What is Neoliberalism in international relations?
A theory that accepts realism’s view of an anarchic world but argues that institutions, cooperation, and interdependence can help states achieve mutual benefits.
Define Reciprocity in the context of international relations.
A principle where states cooperate based on mutual benefits and expected future interactions.
Give an example of Reciprocity.
Trade agreements where countries reduce tariffs in return for similar actions.
What is Collective Security?
A system where multiple states agree to defend each other against aggression.
Provide an example of Collective Security.
NATO’s principle that an attack on one is an attack on all.
Explain Interdependence in international relations.
A situation where states or actors are economically or politically reliant on each other, reducing the likelihood of conflict.
What is an example of Interdependence?
The European Union’s economic integration.
What does Democratic Peace Theory suggest?
Democracies are less likely to go to war with each other due to shared norms, accountability, and institutional constraints.
Define the Rational Model / Rational Choice.
A decision-making process where states logically analyze all available options, weigh costs and benefits, and choose the most effective policy.
What is Constructivism in international relations?
A theory that emphasizes the role of ideas, identities, and social interactions in shaping international relations rather than just power or material interests.
Define Affective Bias.
When emotions influence decision-making, leading to irrational choices.
Give an example of Affective Bias.
Leaders making aggressive foreign policy decisions out of anger.
What is Postmodernism in international relations?
A critical approach that questions traditional narratives, arguing that power and knowledge are shaped by subjective interpretations.
Define Cognitive Dissonance.
The mental discomfort caused by conflicting beliefs or information, leading decision-makers to justify poor choices rather than change their views.
What is the Government Bargaining Model?
A decision-making model that views foreign policy as the result of negotiations and compromises between different government agencies.
Explain Groupthink.
A psychological phenomenon where a group prioritizes consensus over critical thinking, leading to poor decision-making.
Provide an example of Groupthink.
The U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003.
What does Difference Feminism argue?
That gender differences are real and that women’s unique perspectives could make international relations more peaceful.
Define Satisficing.
A decision-making strategy where policymakers settle for a solution that is ‘good enough’ rather than the optimal choice due to time constraints.
What is Public Opinion?
The collective attitudes of a population regarding political and international issues, which can influence government decisions.
Define Optimizing in decision-making.
Finding the best possible solution by carefully analyzing all alternatives, though often impractical in real-world decision-making.
What are Interest Groups?
Organizations that seek to influence government policies in favor of their interests.
Provide an example of Interest Groups.
Defense contractors lobbying for increased military spending.
What is the Rally ‘Round the Flag Effect?
The tendency for national unity and government approval to rise during international crises or wars.
Give an example of the Rally ‘Round the Flag Effect.
The increase in U.S. presidential approval after 9/11.
What does Liberal Feminism argue?
That men and women are fundamentally equal and that the underrepresentation of women in global politics is due to societal barriers.
Define Marxism in the context of international relations.
A perspective that sees international relations as shaped by economic class struggles, with wealthy capitalist states exploiting poorer nations.
What is the Logic of Appropriateness?
Decision-making based on following social norms and ethical considerations rather than strict cost-benefit analysis.
Define the Logic of Consequences.
Decision-making based on calculating the potential outcomes and choosing the option with the best strategic advantage.
How does Liberalism differ from Realism regarding human nature?
Realism: Humans are selfish and power-seeking. Liberalism: Humans are capable of cooperation.
What are the main actors in Realism?
States are the primary actors.
What are the main actors in Liberalism?
States, international organizations, and non-state actors all play key roles.
How does Liberalism view the international system?
Anarchy exists, but cooperation and institutions can reduce conflict.
What does Realism prioritize in policy directives?
Prioritize military strength and national interest.
What does Liberalism promote in policy directives?
Promote diplomacy, trade, and international organizations to foster peace.
What are the three conditions Kant identified as promoting peace?
- Democratic Governance
- Economic Interdependence
- International Organizations
What is the Democratic Peace Theory?
Democracies do not fight wars against each other.
What are the explanations for Democratic Peace Theory?
- Normative: Shared values of negotiation
- Institutional: Checks and balances
- Economic: Trade ties make war irrational
List the steps of the Rational Model.
- Identify the problem
- Gather information
- Generate possible options
- Analyze costs and benefits
- Choose the best option
- Implement and evaluate the decision
What are the limits to rationality in decision-making?
- Incomplete information
- Time constraints
- Cognitive biases
How does the Government Bargaining Model function?
Foreign policy decisions are shaped by internal negotiations and competition among government agencies.
What is a problem associated with the Government Bargaining Model?
Decisions may prioritize bureaucratic interests over national interest.
Compare Difference Feminism and Liberal Feminism.
Difference Feminism: Believes in distinct traits. Liberal Feminism: Believes in equality and removing barriers.
