Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology BMS600 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

The cell is the structural and functional unit of life. Organismal function depends on individual and collective cell activities. Structure and function are complementary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three basic parts of a human cell?

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

It acts as a barrier separating intracellular fluid (ICF) from extracellular fluid (ECF) and controls what enters and leaves the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the composition of the plasma membrane?

A

It consists of a flexible lipid bilayer with embedded proteins, forming a fluid mosaic pattern.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the role of membrane proteins?

A

They help in transport, signal transduction, enzymatic activity, cell recognition, and structural support.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

A layer of sugars (carbohydrates) on the cell surface that aids in cell recognition and immune response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the types of membrane junctions?

A

Tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The passive movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

The passive transport of substances across a membrane via carrier proteins or channel proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the types of active transport?

A

Primary active transport (direct use of ATP) and secondary active transport (indirect use of ATP via ion gradients).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is vesicular transport?

A

The transport of large molecules or fluids via vesicles, including endocytosis and exocytosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the types of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis (cell eating), pinocytosis (cell drinking), and receptor-mediated endocytosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

The process of expelling materials from the cell via vesicles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

They generate ATP through aerobic respiration and are considered the powerhouse of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Non-membranous organelles responsible for protein synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two types of ribosomes?

A

Free ribosomes (floating in cytoplasm) and membrane-bound ribosomes (attached to the rough ER).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

A network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER?

A

Rough ER has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins, while smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Organelles containing digestive enzymes that break down waste and cellular debris.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Organelles that neutralize free radicals and break down fatty acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

A network of protein filaments providing structural support, intracellular transport, and cell motility.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the function of microfilaments?
They provide support for the cell membrane and help in cell movement.
26
What are microtubules?
Hollow tubes that help maintain cell shape and aid in intracellular transport.
27
What are intermediate filaments?
Rope-like fibers that provide mechanical strength to cells.
28
What is the nucleus?
The control center of the cell, containing DNA and directing cellular activities.
29
What are nuclear pores?
Openings in the nuclear envelope that regulate the exchange of materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
30
What is chromatin?
A complex of DNA and proteins that condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.
31
What are nucleoli?
Dark-staining structures in the nucleus that are involved in ribosome synthesis.
32
What is the resting membrane potential (RMP)?
The voltage difference across the plasma membrane due to ion gradients.
33
What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump?
It maintains the electrochemical gradient by pumping Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell.
34
What are cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)?
Proteins that help cells stick to each other and to the extracellular matrix.
35
What is signal transduction?
The process of transmitting signals from outside the cell to trigger intracellular responses.
36
What is cell diversity?
The human body has over 250 different types of cells, each with unique structures and functions.
37
What are the main types of human cells?
Epithelial cells, fibroblasts, erythrocytes, muscle cells, fat cells, nerve cells, and reproductive cells.
38
What are the three major components of a generalized human cell?
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
39
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
It acts as a barrier, regulates entry and exit of substances, and facilitates communication and cell recognition.
40
What are the components of the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids, proteins, glycolipids, cholesterol, and the glycocalyx.
41
What is the fluid mosaic model?
A model describing the plasma membrane as a dynamic, flexible structure with embedded proteins.
42
What are the two types of membrane proteins?
Integral proteins (embedded in the membrane) and peripheral proteins (attached to the membrane surface).
43
What is the glycocalyx?
A carbohydrate-rich surface that helps in cell recognition and protection.
44
What are the three types of cell junctions?
Tight junctions (prevent leakage), desmosomes (provide strength), and gap junctions (allow communication).
45
What are the main types of membrane transport?
Passive transport (diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis) and active transport (primary and secondary).
46
What is simple diffusion?
The movement of small, nonpolar molecules across the membrane without energy input.
47
What is facilitated diffusion?
The movement of molecules across the membrane using carrier or channel proteins without energy input.
48
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
49
What is tonicity?
The ability of a solution to alter a cell’s water volume (isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic).
50
What is active transport?
The movement of substances against their concentration gradient using ATP.
51
What is the sodium-potassium pump?
A primary active transport mechanism that maintains ion gradients by pumping Na+ out and K+ into the cell.
52
What is endocytosis?
The process of bringing substances into the cell via vesicles.
53
What are the types of endocytosis?
Phagocytosis (cell eating), pinocytosis (cell drinking), and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
54
What is exocytosis?
The process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane to expel substances.
55
What is the cytoplasm?
The cellular material inside the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus, containing cytosol, organelles, and inclusions.
56
What is the role of the mitochondria?
They generate ATP through aerobic respiration and are known as the powerhouse of the cell.
57
What are ribosomes?
Organelles that synthesize proteins, found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER.
58
What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
A network of membranes studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and modification.
59
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
A network of membranes involved in lipid metabolism, detoxification, and calcium storage.
60
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell.
61
What are lysosomes?
Organelles containing digestive enzymes that break down waste and cellular debris.
62
What are peroxisomes?
Organelles that neutralize toxins and break down fatty acids.
63
What are the three types of cytoskeletal elements?
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
64
What is the nucleus?
The control center of the cell, containing DNA and directing cellular activities.
65
What are nucleoli?
Structures inside the nucleus responsible for ribosome synthesis.
66
What is chromatin?
A complex of DNA and proteins that condenses into chromosomes during cell division.
67
What is the resting membrane potential?
The voltage difference across the plasma membrane due to ion gradients, typically -70 mV.
68
What are cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)?
Proteins that help cells stick together and interact with the extracellular environment.
69
What is signal transduction?
The process by which cells respond to extracellular signals through receptor proteins.
70
What is the definition of a cell?
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
71
What are the key components of a typical human cell?
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
72
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
It contains organelles and provides a medium for cellular processes.
73
What is the function of the nucleus?
It houses genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities.
74
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
It regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
75
What are the major types of transport across the plasma membrane?
Passive transport (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion) and active transport (primary, secondary, vesicular).
76
What is the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
Simple diffusion occurs directly through the lipid bilayer, while facilitated diffusion requires membrane proteins.
77
What is the sodium-potassium pump?
A primary active transport mechanism that pumps Na+ out and K+ into the cell using ATP.
78
What are the two main types of endocytosis?
Phagocytosis (engulfing large particles) and pinocytosis (ingesting fluids and dissolved substances).
79
What is exocytosis?
The process by which vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to release substances outside the cell.
80
What is the cytoskeleton?
A network of protein filaments that provide cell structure, movement, and intracellular transport.
81
What are the three main components of the cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
82
What is the function of mitochondria?
They generate ATP through aerobic respiration and are known as the powerhouse of the cell.
83
What are ribosomes?
Organelles responsible for protein synthesis, either free in the cytoplasm or bound to the rough ER.
84
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
It synthesizes and processes proteins destined for secretion or membrane incorporation.
85
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
It is involved in lipid metabolism, detoxification, and calcium storage.
86
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport within or outside the cell.
87
What is the role of lysosomes?
They contain digestive enzymes to break down waste, bacteria, and damaged organelles.
88
What is the role of peroxisomes?
They neutralize toxins and break down fatty acids through oxidative reactions.
89
What is the glycocalyx?
A carbohydrate-rich layer on the cell surface involved in cell recognition and signaling.
90
What is the function of desmosomes?
They provide strong adhesion between cells, particularly in tissues that experience mechanical stress.
91
What are gap junctions?
Channels that allow direct communication between adjacent cells.
92
What is the resting membrane potential?
The voltage difference across the plasma membrane due to the distribution of ions, typically -70 mV.
93
What are cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)?
Proteins that help cells stick to each other and interact with the extracellular matrix.
94
What is signal transduction?
The process by which extracellular signals are converted into cellular responses via membrane receptors.
95
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death that eliminates damaged or unnecessary cells.
96
What are nucleoli?
Structures within the nucleus responsible for ribosome production.
97
What is chromatin?
The combination of DNA and proteins that condenses into chromosomes during cell division.
98
What is the difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin?
Euchromatin is loosely packed and active in transcription, while heterochromatin is tightly packed and transcriptionally inactive.
99
What is mitosis?
A process of cell division resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells.
100
What is the function of centrioles?
They help organize the mitotic spindle during cell division.
101
What is autophagy?
The process by which cells digest and recycle damaged organelles and proteins.
102
What is a stem cell?
An undifferentiated cell capable of dividing and differentiating into specialized cell types.

Anatomy & Physiology BMS600 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions