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Physical Anthropology 131 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

nucleus

A

a structure found in all eukaryotic cells, contains DNA that, during cell divisions, is organized into chromosomes

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2
Q

molecules

A

structures made up of two or more atoms

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3
Q

DNA

A

the double-stranded molecule that contains the genetic code

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4
Q

RNA

A

single-stranded molecule similar in structure to DNA

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5
Q

cytoplasm

A

the semifluid substance contained within the cell membrane

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6
Q

protein synthesis

A

the manufacture of proteins, the assemble of changing of amino acids into functional protein molecules

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7
Q

ribosomes

A

structures composed of a form of RNA called ribosomal RNA and protein

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8
Q

mitochondria

A

structures contained within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that convert energy, derived from nutrients, to a Dorn that can be used by the cell

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9
Q

mitochondrial DNA

A

DNA found in the mitochondria, inherited only from the mother

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10
Q

enzymes

A

specialized proteins that initiate and direct chemical reactions in the body

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11
Q

hemoglobin

A

a protein molecule that occurs in red blood cells and binds to oxygen molecules

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12
Q

hormones

A

substances that are produced by specialized cells and that travel to other parts of the body, where they influence chemical reactions and regulate various cellular functions

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13
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

the form of RNA that binds to specific amino acids and transports them to the ribosomes during protein synthesis

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14
Q

mutation

A

a change in DNA

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15
Q

gene

A

a sequence of DNA triplets that describes a functional protein (or other useful molecule)

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16
Q

genome

A

the entire genetic makeup of an individual or species

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17
Q

exon

A

segments of genes that are transcribed and are involved in protein synthesis

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18
Q

noncoding DNA

A

DNA that does not direct the production of proteins

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19
Q

autosomes

A

all chromosomes expect sex chromosomes

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20
Q

sex chromosomes

A

in mammals, the x and Y chromosomes

21
Q

recombination

A

the exchange of genetic material between paired chromosomes during meiosis; also called crossing over

22
Q

Human Genome Project

A

an international effort aimed at sequencing and mooing the entire human genome, completed in 2003

23
Q

cells

A

the fundamental units of life in all organisms

24
Q

organelle

A

a small, functional part of a cell

25
Q

proteins

A

one of the most important kinds of molecules in a cell, made up of long chains in amino acids

26
Q

amino acids

A

20 smaller molecules chained together to form proteins

27
Q

nucleic acids

A

molecules that record information essential for cell functions, mostly found in the nucleus

28
Q

two basic kinds

A

DNA and RNA

29
Q

structure of DNA

A

2 chains of sugars and phosphates joined by bases

30
Q

nucleotide

A

a single, phosphate sugar-based unit

31
Q

double-helix

A

twisted-ladder shape of DNA

32
Q

DNA base pairs

A

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

33
Q

DNA replication

A

DNA can replicate itself like other living things

34
Q

triplet

A

a sequence of the DNA nucleotides, each triplet specifies a single amino acids

35
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

forms on DNA, then migrates to ribosomes

36
Q

codon

A

a sequence of 3 nucleotides on mRNA specifying a single amino acid

37
Q

anticodon

A

the 3 nucleotide sequence on tRNA

38
Q

the aligning of…

A

…RNA to mRNA “translates” the nucleotide code into amino acids

39
Q

protein is determined by…

A

…the order of the DNA triplets

40
Q

mutation

A

a change in DNA sequences due to improper DNA replication, make evolution possible

41
Q

regulatory genes

A

genes that create proteins that turn other genes on (or off) by opening (or closing) DNA strands

42
Q

chromosomes

A

one of 46 chains of DNA in the cell nucleus; 23 from mom, 23 from dad; only forms when the DNA bunches up into a dense structure

43
Q

centromere

A

the point that joins two identical DNA strands in a chromosome

44
Q

mitosis

A

creates two identical daughter cells from the division of a single mother cell, allows healing and growth

45
Q

somatic cells

A

types of cells in most body tissues

46
Q

gametes

A

cells with 23 chromosomes that function in reproduction

47
Q

fertilization

A

the fusing of two gametes, one from each parent, to form a zygote

48
Q

zygote

A

the 46-chromosome cell formed by fertilization

49
Q

meiosis

A

cell division resulting in gametes

Physical Anthropology 131 (4 decks)

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