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COS 332 Chancellors > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the network-oriented application layer protocols?

A

DNS, SNMP, LDAP, DHCP, RIP

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2
Q

What does DNS stand for?

A

Domain name system

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the DNS?

A

To translate names of computers to addresses

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4
Q

Different domain levels:

A
  • TLD = (top level domain )
    gTLD ( generic TLD )
    ccTLD (country code TLD)
    sTLD (sponsored TLD
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5
Q

what are some examples of gTLD?

A

.com, .gov and .net

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6
Q

What are some examples of ccTLDs?

A

.za, .sa, .ls, .zm ….

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7
Q

What are some sTLDs?

A

.microsoft, .apple

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8
Q

By who is the .za ccTLD controlled by?

A

ZADNA (.za Domain Name Authority)

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9
Q

Who is the authority at the root of the DNS?

A

IANA

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10
Q

How does one determine the owner of a domain?

A

whois www.xxx.co.za

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11
Q

What is a zone file?

A

A data structure that represents info at each node

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12
Q

What is at the core of a zone file?

A

A set of triples (name, record type, address)

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13
Q

What is A in a zone file?

A

an address

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14
Q

what is NS in a zone file?

A

name server

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15
Q

What does it mean if an entry is a NS?

A

Go to the server listed to resolve the name.

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16
Q

What are the 2 ways name resolution may be performed?

A

Recursively or iteratively

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17
Q

Whats the difference between recursive and iterative name resolution?

A

Recursive = all the work gets done for you
Iterative = you need to follow the path

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18
Q

How many root name servers are there?

A

13

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19
Q

What is a fully qualified domain name?

A

Starts at TLD down to domain name of interest

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20
Q

What does SOA mean?

A

Start of authority

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21
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary name servers?

A

Secondary = backup of primary

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22
Q

What is copying from the primary name server to the secondary name server called?

A

Zone transfers

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23
Q

Why is a secondary name server needed?

A

To increase fault tolerance

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24
Q

What is TTL and what does it indicate?

A

Time to live, how long data has left before it expire (Best before date)

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25
Q

Can records overwrite the TTL set be the SOA?

A

Yes

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26
Q

What does CNAME record do?

A

Assigns an alias to a domain name

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27
Q

Make an alias for www called ftp

A

ftp IN CNAME www

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28
Q

What is a MX record?

A

A mail exchange record

29
Q

Why is Mx needed and not Only A?

A

Because A will not determine the destination of the email

30
Q

What does @,MX, and 10 mean in
@ IN MX 10 mail

A

@ = root domain
10 = priority
Mx = Mail Exchange

31
Q

Whats the difference between A and AAAA records?

A

The type of address is stores. AAAA = IPv6

32
Q

What is PTR in a zone file?

A

Pointer ( for reverse DNS queries )

33
Q

What is a reverse DNS query?

A

192.168.18.59 PTR www.xx.co.za

Lokking up 59.18.168.192.in-addr.arpa ( reverse of name ) yields www.xx.co.za

34
Q

What is the primary bootstrapping protocol?

A

DHCP ( Dynamic Host Configuration protocol)

35
Q

How are discless computers booted?

A

TFTP via the network

36
Q

What are the 2 key components for network management?

A

Agents + manager ( central console to monitor + control agents )

37
Q

What is the challenges of managing networks through agents and managers?

A

Security + reliability + performance impact

38
Q

What happens with network management if changes are needed on agent nodes?

A

Manager sends instructions to that specific agent node

39
Q

What is the most popular network management protocol?

A

SNMP ( Simple Network Management protocol )

40
Q

What are the different commands of a SNMP manager?

A

Get, GetNext, GetBulk

41
Q

SNMP was developed as part of …..

42
Q

On what is CMIP based?

A

ISO OSI protocols

43
Q

What are the directory access protocols?

A

X.500
X.509
LDAP

44
Q

What is X.500 and who was it developed by?

A

Directory access protocol
Developed by ITU-T

45
Q

Which protocol implements a DIT ( Directory Information Tree)?

46
Q

What do you call the component that manages the DIT in X.500?

A

DSA ( Directory System Agent )

47
Q

What does a user use to query the DSA?

A

DUA ( Directory user agent)

48
Q

How do DSAs communicate with one another?

A

Using DSP (Directory Systems protocol)

49
Q

Which Directory Access protocol deals with public key cryptography?

50
Q

What is a certificate tree?

A

When a CA has a CA that has a CA and so on

51
Q

Why was LDAP developed?

A

X.500 was too complex

52
Q

How does LDAP arrange info?

A

In a hierarchical directory

53
Q

What is at the base of a LDAP directory?

A

Base DN ( base distinguished name )

54
Q

What are the 2 types of gateway protocols?

A

EGP ( Exterior Gateway protocol )
IGP ( Interior Gateway protocol )

55
Q

What do gateway protocols do?

A

Determine the best path for packets from one place to another

56
Q

What is the cost of a path called in routing?

A

The hop count

57
Q

Where does an IGP operate?

A

Inside of a organizations autonomous systems

58
Q

Where does an EGP operate?

A

Between organizations autonomous systems

59
Q

What do IGPs base their routing decisions on?

A

Primarily cost

60
Q

What do EGP base their routing decisions on?

A

Other factors such as policies rather than cost

61
Q

What is the best known EGP?

A

BGP ( Border Gateway Protocol )

62
Q

Why dont most people know what a BGP does?

A

Only used on edge routers of big companies or ISPs

63
Q

What are the 2 IGP protocols?

A

RIP (Routing information protocol) and OSPF (Open shortest Path First )

64
Q

What algorithm does RIP implement?

A

Bellman ford

65
Q

What is used as a metric in the bellman ford algorithm?

66
Q

How does routers see the others routing tables?

A

They broadcast it occasionally

67
Q

Study DJikstra + RIP stuffies

68
Q

What does OSPF store?

A

Topology of the entire network

69
Q

Which IGP uses Dijkstra?

COS 332 Chancellors (10 decks)

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