Chapter 3 Flashcards
substances that form irons in solution and conduct electricity are known s
electrolytes
electrolytes have a role in
maintaining acid base balance
regulating body metabolism
controlling volume of body water
what are some strong electrolytes?
hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, ephedrine, and phenobarbital
the normal physiological pH of human blood is
7.4
what changes in pH are seriously dangerous to human life
pH of blood goes below 6.9 or above 7.8
how is blood maintained at a pH of 7.4 in the body?
two buffer systems : one in the plasma and one in the erythrocytes
each of these buffer systems contain two buffers - four total systems maintain the pH of blood
which of the buffer systems is the primary buffer system?
the buffer systems in the plasma
what are the two buffer systems in the plasma?
carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer
acid sodium slat of phosphoric acid/ alkali sodium salt of phosphoric acid
explain the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system?
carbonic acid H2CO3 acts as the weak acid
sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 acts as the conjugate base
at normal pH sodium bicarbonate to carbonic acid is 20:1
explain the acid sodium salt of phosphoric acid/alkali sodium salt of phosphoric acid system
NaH2PO4 acid sodium salt of phosphoric acid acts as the weak acid and the alkali sodium salt of phosphoric acid Na2HPO3 acts as the conjugate base
what are the two buffer systems in the erythrocytes?
hemoglobin/oxyehmoglobin buffer and acid potassium salt of phosphoric acid/alkali potassium salt of phosphoric acid
in addition to the buffer systems in the plasma and erythrocytes, what organ plays an important role in maintaining pH of the blood
kidney
what is the chief extracellular cation in the human bodu?
sodium
what is the chief intracellular cation in the human body?
potassium
what is the major extracellular anion in the human body?
chloride
what is the major intracellular anion in the body?
phosphate
the total body water is dependent on what factor?
age
what is the total normal daily requirement of water in adults?
20-40 mL per kg of body weight
What are some electrolyte solutions?
oral rehydration solutions
oral colonic lavage solutions
potassium chloride in dextrose injection
dextrose and sodium chloride injection
ringers and dextrose injection
lactated ringers and dextrose injection
multiple electrolytes injection
multiple electrolytes and dextrose injection
multiple electrolytes and invert sugar injection
ringer’s and dextrose injections contains no antimicrobial agents and is preserved in
a single dose glass or plastic container
what type of electrolyte solution is used for diabetic patietns?
multiple electrolytes and invert sugar injection
What is the common formula and number of valence for ammonium
NH4+
1
What is the common formula and number of valence for calcium
Ca++
2
What is the common formula and number of valence for lithium
Li+
1
What is the common formula and number of valence for Magnesium
Mg++
2
What is the common formula and number of valence for Potassium
K+
1
What is the common formula and number of valence for sodium
Na+
1
What is the common formula and number of valence for bicarbonate
HCO3-
1
What is the common formula and number of valence for carbonate
CO3-
2
What is the common formula and number of valence for chloride
Cl-
1
What is the common formula and number of valence for citrate
C6H5O7-
3
What is the common formula and number of valence for gluconate
C6H11O7-
1
What is the common formula and number of valence for lactate?
C3H5O3-
1
What is the common formula and number of valence for phosphate
PO4-
3
What is the common formula and number of valence for hydrogen phosphate
HPO4 -
2
What is the common formula and number of valence for dihydrogen phosphate?
H2PO4-
1
What is the common formula and number of valence for sulfate
SO4-
2
what is the formula for mEq? (in the ion form)
weight of solute (mg)
_____________________
atomic weight
_______________
number of valence
what is the difference for the mEq formula for ion form vs salt form?
salt form will use molecular/formula weight instead of atomic weight
the term equivalents in these scenarios applies to
the concept that is related to the electrolytes present in both the intraceullular and extraceullalar fluids of the body
what is the formula for mEq: an ion in a salt?
weight of solute (mg)
_____________________
molecular weight
_______________
number of valence x n (number of ions produced)
what are sterile preparations intended to be administered by injection through skin or other external boundary tissue, rather than through the alimentary canal
parenteral dosage forms
the parenteral dosage forms must conform to the specifications contained in the
official compendia
how does compounding of sterile preparations differ from compounding of non sterile preparations?
- requires a test for sterility of the finished product
- requires that the principles and practices of aseptic manipulation must be followed
- requires air quality evaluation and maintenance
What is the chapter of pharmaceutical compounding of sterile preparations?
USP chapter 797
what does USP chapter 797 address?
compounding, preparation and labeling of sterile drug preparations
what are some advantages of parenteral adminisitration?
- provides faster physiologic and therapeutic response
- alternative route of drug administration when patient is unable to by mouth (unconscious, comatose, or cannot retain)
- alternative route to protect drug from degradation due to liver metabolism or inactivation in GI tract or first pass in liver
- alternative route of drug administration for those drugs which are destroyed or inactivated by gastric secretions
- used to attain local effects for drugs in dentistry or anesthesiology
- offers a route to feed patients who cannot be fed by mouth
What are some disadvantages of parenteral administration??
- more difficult to produce
- require absolute sterility and must be pyrogen free
- much more costly to produce
- require special skills, equipment, devices, and techniques for handling as well as administration of the product
- issues with dose or adverse effects associated with parenteral may be difficult or almost impossible to reverse
- may cause discomfort or pain at the site of injection
- danger of air embolism in the IV route
what are the three risk levels that the official compendia classify microbial contamination?
low risk level
medium risk level
high risk level
What are the characterizations of low risk compounding?
- sterile preparations are compounded with aseptic manipulation entirely within ISO class 5 or better quality environment using only sterile ingredients, products, components and devices
- compounding involves only transfer, measuring, and mixing manipulations with closed or sealed packaging systems that are performed promptly and attentively
- manipulations are limited to aseptically opening ampuls, penetrating sterile stoppers on vials with sterile needles and syringes, and transferring sterile liquids in sterile syringes to sterile administration devices and packages of other sterile products
- storage cannot exceed the following time periods: before administration the compounded sterile preparations are properly stored and are exposed for not more than 48 hours at a controlled room temperature for not more than 14 days at a cold temperature and for not more than 45 days in solid frozen state between -25 C and -10 C
what are some examples of low risk compounding?
single transfers of sterile dosage forms from such containers as ampules, bottles, bags and vials, using sterile syringes with sterile needles
single transfers of sterile dosage forms from other administration devices and other sterile containers
single transfers of sterile dosage forms from ampules and the contents of ampules require sterile filtration to remove any glass particles
manually measuring and mixing no more than three manufactured products to compound drug admixtures and nutritional solutions
