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Compounding Final > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

substances that form irons in solution and conduct electricity are known s

A

electrolytes

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2
Q

electrolytes have a role in

A

maintaining acid base balance
regulating body metabolism
controlling volume of body water

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3
Q

what are some strong electrolytes?

A

hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, ephedrine, and phenobarbital

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4
Q

the normal physiological pH of human blood is

A

7.4

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5
Q

what changes in pH are seriously dangerous to human life

A

pH of blood goes below 6.9 or above 7.8

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6
Q

how is blood maintained at a pH of 7.4 in the body?

A

two buffer systems : one in the plasma and one in the erythrocytes

each of these buffer systems contain two buffers - four total systems maintain the pH of blood

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7
Q

which of the buffer systems is the primary buffer system?

A

the buffer systems in the plasma

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8
Q

what are the two buffer systems in the plasma?

A

carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer
acid sodium slat of phosphoric acid/ alkali sodium salt of phosphoric acid

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9
Q

explain the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system?

A

carbonic acid H2CO3 acts as the weak acid
sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 acts as the conjugate base

at normal pH sodium bicarbonate to carbonic acid is 20:1

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10
Q

explain the acid sodium salt of phosphoric acid/alkali sodium salt of phosphoric acid system

A

NaH2PO4 acid sodium salt of phosphoric acid acts as the weak acid and the alkali sodium salt of phosphoric acid Na2HPO3 acts as the conjugate base

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11
Q

what are the two buffer systems in the erythrocytes?

A

hemoglobin/oxyehmoglobin buffer and acid potassium salt of phosphoric acid/alkali potassium salt of phosphoric acid

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12
Q

in addition to the buffer systems in the plasma and erythrocytes, what organ plays an important role in maintaining pH of the blood

A

kidney

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13
Q

what is the chief extracellular cation in the human bodu?

A

sodium

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14
Q

what is the chief intracellular cation in the human body?

A

potassium

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15
Q

what is the major extracellular anion in the human body?

A

chloride

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16
Q

what is the major intracellular anion in the body?

A

phosphate

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17
Q

the total body water is dependent on what factor?

A

age

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18
Q

what is the total normal daily requirement of water in adults?

A

20-40 mL per kg of body weight

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19
Q

What are some electrolyte solutions?

A

oral rehydration solutions
oral colonic lavage solutions
potassium chloride in dextrose injection
dextrose and sodium chloride injection
ringers and dextrose injection
lactated ringers and dextrose injection
multiple electrolytes injection
multiple electrolytes and dextrose injection
multiple electrolytes and invert sugar injection

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20
Q

ringer’s and dextrose injections contains no antimicrobial agents and is preserved in

A

a single dose glass or plastic container

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21
Q

what type of electrolyte solution is used for diabetic patietns?

A

multiple electrolytes and invert sugar injection

22
Q

What is the common formula and number of valence for ammonium

A

NH4+
1

23
Q

What is the common formula and number of valence for calcium

A

Ca++
2

24
Q

What is the common formula and number of valence for lithium

A

Li+
1

25
Q

What is the common formula and number of valence for Magnesium

A

Mg++
2

26
Q

What is the common formula and number of valence for Potassium

A

K+
1

27
Q

What is the common formula and number of valence for sodium

A

Na+
1

28
Q

What is the common formula and number of valence for bicarbonate

A

HCO3-
1

29
Q

What is the common formula and number of valence for carbonate

A

CO3-
2

30
Q

What is the common formula and number of valence for chloride

A

Cl-
1

31
Q

What is the common formula and number of valence for citrate

A

C6H5O7-
3

32
Q

What is the common formula and number of valence for gluconate

A

C6H11O7-
1

33
Q

What is the common formula and number of valence for lactate?

A

C3H5O3-
1

34
Q

What is the common formula and number of valence for phosphate

A

PO4-
3

35
Q

What is the common formula and number of valence for hydrogen phosphate

A

HPO4 -
2

36
Q

What is the common formula and number of valence for dihydrogen phosphate?

A

H2PO4-
1

37
Q

What is the common formula and number of valence for sulfate

A

SO4-
2

38
Q

what is the formula for mEq? (in the ion form)

A

weight of solute (mg)
_____________________

atomic weight
_______________
number of valence

39
Q

what is the difference for the mEq formula for ion form vs salt form?

A

salt form will use molecular/formula weight instead of atomic weight

40
Q

the term equivalents in these scenarios applies to

A

the concept that is related to the electrolytes present in both the intraceullular and extraceullalar fluids of the body

41
Q

what is the formula for mEq: an ion in a salt?

A

weight of solute (mg)
_____________________

molecular weight
_______________
number of valence x n (number of ions produced)

42
Q

what are sterile preparations intended to be administered by injection through skin or other external boundary tissue, rather than through the alimentary canal

A

parenteral dosage forms

43
Q

the parenteral dosage forms must conform to the specifications contained in the

A

official compendia

44
Q

how does compounding of sterile preparations differ from compounding of non sterile preparations?

A
  1. requires a test for sterility of the finished product
  2. requires that the principles and practices of aseptic manipulation must be followed
  3. requires air quality evaluation and maintenance
45
Q

What is the chapter of pharmaceutical compounding of sterile preparations?

A

USP chapter 797

46
Q

what does USP chapter 797 address?

A

compounding, preparation and labeling of sterile drug preparations

47
Q

what are some advantages of parenteral adminisitration?

A
  1. provides faster physiologic and therapeutic response
  2. alternative route of drug administration when patient is unable to by mouth (unconscious, comatose, or cannot retain)
  3. alternative route to protect drug from degradation due to liver metabolism or inactivation in GI tract or first pass in liver
  4. alternative route of drug administration for those drugs which are destroyed or inactivated by gastric secretions
  5. used to attain local effects for drugs in dentistry or anesthesiology
  6. offers a route to feed patients who cannot be fed by mouth
48
Q

What are some disadvantages of parenteral administration??

A
  1. more difficult to produce
  2. require absolute sterility and must be pyrogen free
  3. much more costly to produce
  4. require special skills, equipment, devices, and techniques for handling as well as administration of the product
  5. issues with dose or adverse effects associated with parenteral may be difficult or almost impossible to reverse
  6. may cause discomfort or pain at the site of injection
  7. danger of air embolism in the IV route
49
Q

what are the three risk levels that the official compendia classify microbial contamination?

A

low risk level
medium risk level
high risk level

50
Q

What are the characterizations of low risk compounding?

A
  1. sterile preparations are compounded with aseptic manipulation entirely within ISO class 5 or better quality environment using only sterile ingredients, products, components and devices
  2. compounding involves only transfer, measuring, and mixing manipulations with closed or sealed packaging systems that are performed promptly and attentively
  3. manipulations are limited to aseptically opening ampuls, penetrating sterile stoppers on vials with sterile needles and syringes, and transferring sterile liquids in sterile syringes to sterile administration devices and packages of other sterile products
  4. storage cannot exceed the following time periods: before administration the compounded sterile preparations are properly stored and are exposed for not more than 48 hours at a controlled room temperature for not more than 14 days at a cold temperature and for not more than 45 days in solid frozen state between -25 C and -10 C
51
Q

what are some examples of low risk compounding?

A

single transfers of sterile dosage forms from such containers as ampules, bottles, bags and vials, using sterile syringes with sterile needles

single transfers of sterile dosage forms from other administration devices and other sterile containers

single transfers of sterile dosage forms from ampules and the contents of ampules require sterile filtration to remove any glass particles

manually measuring and mixing no more than three manufactured products to compound drug admixtures and nutritional solutions

52
Q
A

Compounding Final (2 decks)

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