Chapter 3 Flashcards
Operational definition
A clear, precise, and measurable definition of a variable or concept used in research. Mostly used to define the abstract variables.
Validity
Accurately measures what it intends to measure.
Face validity
Subjective and least scientific
Concurrent validity
Comparison between new measurements and an established one
Predictive validity
Predict future behaviour
Construct validity
The contruct of the research. Extensive research and evidence
Convergent validity
Measuring the same participants with different tools and tests the looking if they strongly correlate
Divergent Validity
Measuring the same participants on both the target test and for unrelated constructs. If it’s low correlation then it’s divergent valid.
Reliability
Consistency or stability
Test-retest reliability
Comparing successful measurements
Parallel-forms reliability
Using different version of the measurement
Inter-rater reliability
Agreement of different observers. Mostly used in 80-90s.
Split-half reliability
Consistency between parts of a research
One-to-one relationship between the actual variable and the measurement
For measuring abstract variables there will not be one-to-one relationship.
Nominal scale
Represents qualitative
Looks at two scores are the same or not
Cannot measure the size or direction
Ordinal Scale
Direction of differences
No information about magnitude
Interval Scale
Orginazed, all categories are the same size
Direction and magnitude
-Zero point does not indicate the absence
-Time in seconds,weight in pounds
Radio Scale
Meaningful zero point
Direction,magnitude and ratio
Most information and supports sophisticated analysis
Ceiling effect
When a measurement tool is too easy and it does not capture differences
How can ceiling effect be a problem ?
It reduces the validity.
Distort the statistical analyses.
Limited usefulness for high performers.
Floor effect
If a measurement tool is too difficult.
Experimenter bias
When an experimenter’s predictions effect the research results
Single-bling research
Type of experiment which participants doesn’t know which group they are assigned to but the experimenters are aware.
Double-blind research
Type of experiment which both the participants and the experimenters doesn’t know which group they’re in
Demand characteristics
Cues or signals that influences the participants behaviour because they lead them to guess the purpose or expected outcome of the study.
Reactivity
Where participants’ behaviour changes because they know they are being observed or studied.
Good subject role
These participants know about the hypothesis and produce responses to support it. Which is not a good thing because those who do not know about the hypothesis could produced different responses.
Negativity subject role
These participants identified the hypothesis and are trying to act contrary to the hypothesis. They try to sabotage the study.
Apprehensive subject role
These participants are overly concerned about their performance. So they respond in a socially acceptable way instead of truthfully.
Faithful subject role
These participants follow the instructions and avoid acting to any suspicion they have about it. Two types
-one who wants to help science
-one who’s apathetic/nonchalant
Laboratory
Any setting that is obviously devoted to the discipline of science
Field
A place that the participant or subject perceives as a natural environment
