Chapter 3

Question 1

Operational definition

Answer 1

A clear, precise, and measurable definition of a variable or concept used in research. Mostly used to define the abstract variables.

Question 2

Validity

Answer 2

Accurately measures what it intends to measure.

Question 3

Face validity

Answer 3

Subjective and least scientific

Question 4

Concurrent validity

Answer 4

Comparison between new measurements and an established one

Question 5

Predictive validity

Answer 5

Predict future behaviour

Question 6

Construct validity

Answer 6

The contruct of the research. Extensive research and evidence

Question 7

Convergent validity

Answer 7

Measuring the same participants with different tools and tests the looking if they strongly correlate

Question 8

Divergent Validity

Answer 8

Measuring the same participants on both the target test and for unrelated constructs. If it’s low correlation then it’s divergent valid.

Question 9

Reliability

Answer 9

Consistency or stability

Question 10

Test-retest reliability

Answer 10

Comparing successful measurements

Question 11

Parallel-forms reliability

Answer 11

Using different version of the measurement

Question 12

Inter-rater reliability

Answer 12

Agreement of different observers. Mostly used in 80-90s.

Question 13

Split-half reliability

Answer 13

Consistency between parts of a research

Question 14

One-to-one relationship between the actual variable and the measurement

Answer 14

For measuring abstract variables there will not be one-to-one relationship.

Question 15

Nominal scale

Answer 15

Represents qualitative
Looks at two scores are the same or not
Cannot measure the size or direction

Question 16

Ordinal Scale

Answer 16

Direction of differences
No information about magnitude

Question 17

Interval Scale

Answer 17

Orginazed, all categories are the same size
Direction and magnitude
-Zero point does not indicate the absence
-Time in seconds,weight in pounds

Question 18

Radio Scale

Answer 18

Meaningful zero point
Direction,magnitude and ratio
Most information and supports sophisticated analysis

Question 19

Ceiling effect

Answer 19

When a measurement tool is too easy and it does not capture differences

Question 20

How can ceiling effect be a problem ?

Answer 20

It reduces the validity.
Distort the statistical analyses.
Limited usefulness for high performers.

Question 21

Floor effect

Answer 21

If a measurement tool is too difficult.

Question 22

Experimenter bias

Answer 22

When an experimenter’s predictions effect the research results

Question 23

Single-bling research

Answer 23

Type of experiment which participants doesn’t know which group they are assigned to but the experimenters are aware.

Question 24

Double-blind research

Answer 24

Type of experiment which both the participants and the experimenters doesn’t know which group they’re in

Question 25

Demand characteristics

Answer 25

Cues or signals that influences the participants behaviour because they lead them to guess the purpose or expected outcome of the study.

Question 26

Reactivity

Answer 26

Where participants' behaviour changes because they know they are being observed or studied.

Question 27

Good subject role

Answer 27

These participants know about the hypothesis and produce responses to support it. Which is not a good thing because those who do not know about the hypothesis could produced different responses.

Question 28

Negativity subject role

Answer 28

These participants identified the hypothesis and are trying to act contrary to the hypothesis. They try to sabotage the study.

Question 29

Apprehensive subject role

Answer 29

These participants are overly concerned about their performance. So they respond in a socially acceptable way instead of truthfully.

Question 30

Faithful subject role

Answer 30

These participants follow the instructions and avoid acting to any suspicion they have about it. Two types -one who wants to help science -one who's apathetic/nonchalant

Question 31

Laboratory

Answer 31

Any setting that is obviously devoted to the discipline of science

Question 32

Field

Answer 32

A place that the participant or subject perceives as a natural environment