Chapter 3 Flashcards
What is the Tri-Council group in Canada (1994)
A join policy of Canada’s three federal research agencies -
the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)
the National Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC)
and Social science and humanities research council (SSHRC)
Explain the Tri-Council Policy Statement called Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans
Created in 1998
Revised in 2010 (TCPS 2 - 2010)
and again in 2014 (TCPS 2 - 2014)
October of 2016, the Panel on Research Ethics called for public comment on proposed revisions to the TCPS 2 (2014)
further revised and published in 2018
**they give funding to researchers and institutions and in return they have to follow the principles and policies laid out in the statement
What are research ethics boards (REB)
All colleges and universities have a research ethics board
A minimum five-person REB must include:
- a member from the community
- a person knowledgeable in ethics
- a person knowledgeable about the relevant law
They review all research that involves human subjects to ensure it meets the minimum ethical standards of the policy
Has the right to approve, reject, or request modifications to research involving human subjects that is proposed or ongoing
- when rejecting, they have to explain why, and the researcher may appeal
What are the three core principles of the TCPS 2
- Respect for Persons
- respect autonomy
- protect those with diminished autonomy - Concern for Welfare
- physical, mental, spiritual health
- physical, economic, social circumstances - Justice
- treat all people fairly
- treat all people equitably
What are some points the Tri-Council policy makes about research involving Indigenous peoples
- beyond individual consent, when proposed research may effect the welfare of the community to which participants belong, community consultation is required
- such community engagement must recognize and respect indigenous organizations and their leaders
- recognize leadership and recognize them as the most knowledgeable about themselves
What term did Eve Tuck come up with about Indigenous research? What’s a way to help ensure this doesn’t happen?
“Damage-centred research”
- when outsiders go into indigenous communities to do research - think about their motives and are they paternalistic –> well meaning people who are paternalistic and build a career and make money based upon the suffering or pain of an oppressed group –> can end up stereotyping the very people that you’re hoping your research will benefit
- research should be community led and participatory and using methodologies that reflect an indigenous way of knowing
What is identity, attribute, and residual disclosure?
Identity disclosure: Occurs when an individual can be identified from the released output
Attribute disclosure: Occurs when confidential information is revealed and can be attributed to an individual
Residual disclosure: Occurs when released information can be combined to obtain confidential information
What is informed consent?
When research subjects base their voluntary participation in a study on a full understanding of the potential risks involved
What are two of the key ethical principles in a research project?
- Voluntary participation
- No harm to participants
What is deception? What’s something that can be done to help make deception somewhat better?
- withholding your identity as a researcher or the purpose of the study
- sometimes, for the validity of your results, deception is justified
*Debriefing: Interviewing subjects following their participation in the research project to learn about their experiences and reactions to their participation
Describe the nature vs. nurture experiment of the three identical strangers
**Field experiment - occurred in a natural setting but wasn’t naturally occurring
3 twins - put them in 3 different levels of SES - thought was that if they turned out differently then nurture overrides nature
- We don’t really know the results because many of the documents were sealed
ETHICS aspect:
- Wasn’t voluntary participation - they weren’t told the true nature of the experiment
- Deception wasn’t justified in this case → could’ve done a natural experiment - found twins that were separated at birth
- There was harm done - one of them completed suicide
- Anonymity and confidentiality wasn’t as much an issue because everything was hidden
What is anonymity and confidentiality
Anonymity: you cannot be connected with your answers - may be guaranteed in a research project when neither the researchers not the readers of the findings can identify a given response with a given respondent
Confidentiality: your answers will not be released - when the researcher can identify a given person’s response but promises not to do so publicly
What were the 2 phases of ethics
- Nazi era - Nuremberg code - lots of experiments done on people
- Roughly 1970s - Belmont report (came from the MKUltra experiments) - further codified research ethics
Belmont report = includes do no harm principle
Describe the tearoom trade study
Researcher: Laud Humphreys (1970)
Research interest: homosexual behaviour - specifically casual same-sex acts by male strangers meeting in the public restrooms in parks
Humphrey acted as a participant observer - acted as the “watchqueen”
- Followed homosexual men around in public restrooms and parks (vulnerable population)
- Pretended like he was watching out for cops and secretly recorded their licence plate numbers
- Interviewed subjects at home under false pretenses
- Was the deception justified? → disagreement
Describe project MKUltra
Set of secret cold war CIA experiments
- also conducted in Montreal experiments - took adults in psychiatric institutes –> used sensory deprivation tanks, high doses of LSD, electroshocks
- they were trying to find mind-control techniques
ETHICS aspect:
- lack of voluntary participation
- def longterm harm to participants
- unjustified deception
