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MedSci 113 Physiology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

a map
Ø Made up of chromosomes
Ø The Human Karyotype has 23
pairs of chromosomes

A

Karyotype

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2
Q

one half of a duplicated chromosome

A

chromatid

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3
Q

a molecule composed of two
polynucleotide chains that coil around
each other to form a double helix
Ø The string that comprises the
chromatin fibers

A

DNA

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4
Q

a sequence of DNA or RNA that
codes for a molecule or a protein

basic unit of heredity

the human body has approximately
20,000 to 25,000 different genes

A

Gene

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5
Q

organized package of
DNA

A

chromosomes

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6
Q

consists of a sugar molecule attached
to a phosphate group and a nitrogen containing base
Ø the basic building block of nucleic
acids

A

Nucleotide

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7
Q

joined together by covalent bonds
between the phosphate group of one
nucleotide and the third carbon atom of
the pentose sugar in the next
nucleotide.

A

Nucleotide

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8
Q

This produces an alternating backbone
of sugar - phosphate - sugar - phosphate
all along the polynucleotide chain.
Ø 10 pairs of nucleotides in each full turn
of the helix in the DNA molecule

A

Nucleotide

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9
Q

nucleotides without a phosphate
group

A

nucleosides

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10
Q

consists of a segment of
DNA wound around eight
histone proteins and
resembles thread wrapped
around a spool

A

Nucleosomes

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11
Q

What controls the formation of mRNA

A

gene (DNA)

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12
Q

what spreads throughout the cell to control formation of a specific protein

A

mRNA

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13
Q

The entire process, from transcription of the genetic code in the nucleus to translation of the RNA code and the formation of proteins in the cell cytoplasm

A

gene expression

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14
Q

the 4 nitrogenous bases

A

purines: adenine and guanine
pyrimidines: thymine and cytosine

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15
Q

what consists the nucleotides

A

(1) phosphoric acid
(2) a sugar called deoxyribose
(3) four nitrogenous bases
purines: adenine and guanine
pyrimidines: thymine and cytosine

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16
Q

first stage in DNA formation

A

formation of nucleotides

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17
Q

the nucleotides formed using the four bases

A

deoxyadenylic,
deoxythymidylic, deoxyguanylic, and
deoxycytidylic acids.

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18
Q

combining one molecule of phosphoric acid,
one molecule of deoxyribose, and one of
the four bases forms a _________

A

acidic nucleotide

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19
Q

what pairs with adenine (purine base)
what pairs with cytosine (pyrimidine)

A

thymine (pyrimidine base)
guanine (purine base)

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20
Q

Gives the DNA the ability to
control the formation of
proteins

A

Genetic code

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21
Q

true or false
the purine and pyrimidine bases
projecting to the side of each
DNA strand are exposed after spliting the DNA molecule apart, the genetic code is formed

A

TRUE

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22
Q

consists of successive “triplets”
of bases—that is, each three
successive bases is a CODE
WORD

A

genetic code

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23
Q

true or false
The successive triplets of the DNA
control the sequence
of amino acids in a protein
molecule that is to be
synthesized

A

FALSE, the genetic code instead of DNA

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24
Q

what are the stop codons

A

UAA, UGA, UAG

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25
Q

what amino acid has CCG as RNA codon

A

PROLINE

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26
Q

What amino acid has GAA as RNA codon

A

Glutamic Acid

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27
Q

a process that removes the intervening,
non-coding sequences of genes (INTRONS) from pre-mRNA and joins
the protein-coding sequences (EXONS) in
order to produce a mature mRNA that
can be transported outside the nucleus.

A

RNA splicing

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28
Q

True or False

Transcription is done when the DNA code from the Cytoplasm is transferred to the RNA Code (Nucleus)

A

False. DNA - Nucleus
RNA - Cytoplasm

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29
Q

during mRNA synthesis, the two strands of __________ separate temporarily in the nucleus and uses the DNA template

A

DNA

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30
Q

the resulting complementary code triplets in the mRNA which control the sequence of amino acids in a protein to be synthesized in the cell cytoplasm.

A

codons

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31
Q

In the RNA synthesis, the building blocks are the same with the DNA except for the sugar deoxyribose replaced with ______ and thymine replaced by another pyrimidine ____________

A

RIBOSE
URACIL

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32
Q

this activates the RNA Nucleotides

A

RNA polymerase

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33
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
In the activation of RNA nucleotides,
there is adding of two extra phosphate radicals to each nucleotide to form
triphosphates.
These last two phosphates are
combined with the nucleotide by
high-energy phosphate bonds
derived from carbon

A

FALSE - derived from ATP

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34
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

small quantities of ATP energy are
made available to each of the
nucleotides.
This energy is used to promote
chemical reactions that add each
new RNA nucleotide at the end of
the developing RNA chain.

A

FALSE - large instead of small

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35
Q

In the DNA strand immediately ahead of
the gene to be transcribed is a sequence
of nucleotides called the _________

A

PROMOTER

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36
Q

where does the RNA polymerase (activates RNA nucleotides) attach to initiate the formation of RNA

A

Promoter

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37
Q

After the RNA polymerase
attaches to the promoter, the
polymerase causes ________ of
about two turns of the DNA helix
and separation of the unwound
portions of the two strands

A

unwinding

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38
Q

true or false

after the polymerase causing unwinding of
about two turns of the DNA helix
and separation of the unwound
portions of the two strands, the polymerase then moves along the
DNA strand, temporarily unwinding and
separating the two DNA strands at each
stage of its movement.

A

TRUE

39
Q
A
39
Q

where does the covalent linkage of the remaining phosphate on the nucleotide with the end of the growing RNA chain get energy

A

when the RNA
polymerase breaks two of the
three phosphate radicals away
from each RNA
nucleotides, it liberates large
amounts of energy from the
broken high-energy phosphate
bonds

40
Q

When the RNA polymerase reaches the
end of the DNA gene, it encounters a
new sequence of DNA nucleotides called
the _____________ which causes the polymerase and the newly formed RNA chain to break away
from the DNA strand.

A

chain terminating sequence

41
Q

can the polymerase be used again
and again to form more new RNA
chains?

A

YES.

42
Q

does DNA have a high affinity for
rebonding with its own complementary DNA strand?

A

YES.

43
Q

the RNA chain is forced away from the
DNA and is released into the _______.

A

nucleoplasm

44
Q

true or false

the code that is present in the DNA
strand is eventually transmitted in complementary
form to the RNA chain.

A

TRUE

45
Q

name the types of RNA

A
  1. Precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA)
  2. Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)
  3. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
  4. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
  5. Ribosomal RNA
  6. MicroRNAs (miRNAs)
46
Q

what type of segment is removed during splicing and which is retained in the final RNA

A

INTRONS, EXONS

47
Q

what is the immature, single strand of RNA that is processed in the nucleus to form mature
messenger RNA (mRNA).

A

precursor-mRNA

48
Q

which RNA carries the genetic code to the
cytoplasm for controlling the type of
protein formed.

A

mRNA - the codons

49
Q

what is the start RNA codon

A

AUG - bday ni mama

50
Q

it transports activated amino acids to the ribosomes, it is called the anti-codon

A

transfer RNA

51
Q

Serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the activated amino acid sequence of
protein. Each type combines specifically with 1 of the 20 amino acids that are to be
incorporated into proteins.

A

tRNA

52
Q

true or false
In the ribosomes, each specific type of tRNA
recognizes a particular codon on the pre-RNA
and thereby delivers the appropriate amino
acid to the appropriate place in the chain.

A

false. mRNA instead of pre-RNA

53
Q

what is the appearance of the tRNA?

A

a folded chain of 80 nucleotides with a
cloverleaf appearance

54
Q

The specific code in the tRNA that allows
it to recognize a specific codon is a triplet
of nucleotide bases and is called an _____

A

ANTICODON

55
Q

true or false

This anticodon is located in the middle of
the tRNA molecule (at the top of the
cloverleaf configuration)

A

false. bottom of the cloverleaf configuration

56
Q

this type of RNA constitutes 60% of the ribosome

A

Ribosomal RNA

57
Q

true or false.

The remainder of the ribosome is
protein, including about 75 types of
proteins that are both structural
proteins and enzymes needed to
manufacture proteins.

A

TRUE

58
Q

the _________ acts as a manufacturing plant in
which the protein molecules are formed.

A

ribosome

59
Q

this RNA provides the information necessary
for sequencing the amino acids in proper
order for each specific type of protein to be manufactured.

A

mRNA

60
Q

this RNA transports amino acids to the
ribosome for incorporation into the
developing protein,

A

tRNA

61
Q

the ribosome always functions in association with these two types of RNA

A

tRNA, mRNA

62
Q

true or false

the cellular function requires large amounts of ribosomal RNA, hence the chromosomes located in the nucleus contains many duplicates of the DNA genes for ribosomal RNA

A

TRUEEE

63
Q

where does the ribosomal RNA collects as it gets formed? hint: it is aa specialized structure lying adjacent to the chromosomes).

A

NUCLEOLUS

64
Q

When large amounts of ribosomal RNA are
being synthesized, the nucleolus is a large
structure, whereas in cells that synthesize
little protein, the nucleolus may not even be seen

true or false

A

TRUE

65
Q

where does the Ribosomal RNA binds with to form granular condensation products that are primordial subunits of ribosomes.

A

ribosomal proteins

66
Q

ribosome subunits are released from the
nucleolus and transported through the large
pores of the nuclear envelope to almost all
parts of the cytoplasm.

true or false

A

TRUE

67
Q

Where are proteins formed? cytoplasm or nucleus?

A

Cytoplasm, bc the nucleus does not contain mature ribosomes

68
Q

single-stranded RNA molecules of 21
to 23 nucleotides that can regulate
gene transcription and translation.

A

microRNA (miRNA)

69
Q

are miRNAs translated into proteins? are they coding RNAs?

A

NO.

70
Q

The generation of miRNAs involves
special processing of longer primary
precursor RNAs called __________ which are the primary transcripts of the gene

A

primiRNAs

71
Q

this RNA act to decrease gene expression.

A

miRNA

72
Q

The pri-miRNAs are processed in the
nucleus by the microprocessor complex
to __________

A

pre-miRNAs

73
Q

it promotes repression of translation or
degradation of the mRNA before it can
be translated by the ribosome.
it plays an important role in normal
regulation of cell function

A

miRNA

74
Q

true or false
alterations in tRNA function have been
associated with diseases such as cancer
and heart disease.

A

false. miRNA

75
Q

synthetic miRNAs and can be administered
to silence expression of specific genes.

true or false.

A

TRUEEE

75
Q

a type of miRNA that is also called
silencing RNA or short interfering RNA.

A

Small Interfering RNA

76
Q

these RNAs are short, double-stranded RNA molecules,
comprised of 20 to 25 nucleotides, that
interfere with expression of specific genes.

A

Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)

77
Q

can be
used to block translation of any mRNA and
therefore expression by any gene for which
the nucleotide sequence is known.

A

Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)

78
Q

true or false

miRNAs are useful therapeutic tools to silence genes
that contribute to the pathophysiology of
diseases.

A

FALSE. siRNAs

79
Q

it is the formation of proteins on the ribosomes

A

Translation

80
Q

When a molecule of mRNA comes in
contact with a ribosome, it travels through
the ribosome, beginning at its predetermined
end specified by an appropriate sequence of RNA bases called the

A

CHAIN INITIATING
CODON or the START
CODON (or the AUG codon)

81
Q

what process is where while the mRNA travels through the
ribosome, a protein molecule is formed

A

translation

82
Q

where is the protein molecule freed into as the ribosome terminates or stops the reading of mRNA codons (production of protein)

A

cytoplasm

83
Q

A single mRNA molecule cannot form
protein molecules in several
ribosomes at the same time because
the initial end of the RNA strand cannot
pass to a successive ribosome as it
leaves the first

true or false

A

FALSE. it can

84
Q

what do you call a cluster of ribosomes
frequently occurring, with 3 to 10
ribosomes being attached to a single
mRNA at the same time.

A

polyribosomes

85
Q

is there a specificity of ribosomes for given types of protein

A

NO. protein molecule can cause formation in any ribosome

86
Q

what causes the granular appearance of the portions of the reticulum

A

ribosomes attaching to endoplasmic reticulum

87
Q

most proteins synthesized by the ribosomes are
released directly into the cytoplasm instead of into the ER.

true or false

A

false. cytosol

88
Q

this is released upon the activation of amino acid in which ATP combines with the amino acid, giving up high-energy
phosphate bonds in the process.

A

Adenosine monophosphate

89
Q

what is the enzyme that influences peptide bond formation between successive amino acids

A

peptidyl transferase

90
Q

the synthesis of proteins is one of the
most energy-consuming processes of
the cell.

true or false

A

TRUE

91
Q

how many total high energy phosphate bonds are needed for each amino acid added to the protein chain

A

4

92
Q

In this chemical reaction, a hydroxyl
radical (OH− ) is removed from the
COOH portion of the first amino acid,
and a hydrogen (H+ ) of the NH 2
portion of the other amino acid is
removed.These combine to form water, and the
two reactive sites left on the two
successive amino acids bond with each
other, resulting in a single molecule. What process is this

A

Peptide Linkage

MedSci 113 Physiology (3 decks)

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