Chapter 3 Flashcards
a structural plan or basis
of a written work.
Framework
Described as the abstract, logical structure of meaning that guide the development of the study.
Framework
a general idea or
understanding of something.
Concept
It describes and names an object or
phenomenon.
Concept
Consists of concepts that are broadly
defined and systematically organize to
provide a focus.
Conceptual framework
It is based on specific concepts
Conceptual framework
Used in research to outline possible
courses of action or to present a
preferred approach to an idea or thought.
Conceptual framework
■ To clarify concepts and propose
relationships among the
concepts in a study
■ To provide a context for
interpreting the study findings
■ To aid in choosing appropriate
methodology
■ To help in gathering and
interpreting data
■ To guide in identifying possible
threats to validity
PURPOSES OF CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
A visual presentation of
variables that interrelate with
one another as perceived by the
researcher before an actual
empirical investigation is done
to prove its relationships.
PARADIGM OF THE STUDY
(CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM)
This model is largely used when
the research attempts to isolate
the factor or major variable that
causes the problem, subject, or
phenomenon under investigation.
IPO model
(input-process-output)
This model is used in
experiment-based studies.
This is also used when relating and
assessing the influence between two
or more variables.
IV-DV model (independent
variable-dependent variable
model)
This model is used when relating and
assessing the influence between two or
more variables. This model focuses on
relationships and associations between
variables.
PC model
(predictor-criterion
model)
This model is used in
research studies that
propose a program or any
intervention measure.
-P model
This model is used when the researcher
presents an original paradigm. The
requirement is that it must be scientific.
POM (proposed original
model)
Methods of Study and
Sources of Data
Research Design
Respondents of the Study
Data- gathering Instrument
Data- gathering procedure
Statistical Treatment
mode of research used
Research Design
Non-experimental Design
• Survey Studies
• Time Orientation
-Retrospective
-Cross-sectional
-Longitudinal
•Purpose or Objective
-Descriptive
-Comparative
-Correlational
-Evaluative
Investigations are conducted through
self-report. This design generally asks
respondents to report on their attitudes,
perceptions, or behaviors. Thus, survey
studies aim at describing characteristics,
opinions, and attributes as they currently
exist in a population.
Survey Studies
In a ______ study, the outcome of
interest has already occurred at the time
the study is initiated. A retrospective
study design allows the investigator to
formulate ideas about possible
associations and investigate potential
relationships.
Retrospective
The data are collected at a single point in
time. The design requires subjects who
are at different points, or phases of an
experience. The subjects are assumed to
represent data collected from different
time periods.
Cross-sectional
Unlike in the cross-sectional survey, the
researcher collects data from same
people at different times.
Longitudinal
This design aims to gather more information on certain characteristics within a particular field of study.
descriptive
This design is used to compare and contrast representative samples from two or more groups of subjects in relation to the variables involved in the study.
comparative
This design is used to investigate the direction and magnitude of relationships among variables in a particular population.
correlational
This design involves making a judgment of worth or value. It allows the researcher to provide information that is useful for judging when conducting a program or service. It can be formative or summative.
evaluative
Experimental Designs
True Experiment Design
•Pretest-posttest control design
•Posttest only control group
•Solomon four-group
Quasi-Experimental Designs
•Non equivalent
•Time Series
Pre-Experimental Designs
•One-shot case study
•One group pre-test post-test
- the researcher manipulates over the independent variable
- the research has control
- there is at least one experimental and one comparison/ control group
- the subjects are randomly assigned
- the control group does not receive treatment
True experimental design
R O1 X O2
R O1 O2
PRETEST-POSTTEST CONTROL GROUP DESIGN
R X O2
R O2
POSTTEST ONLY CONTROL GROUP DESIGN
R O1 X O2
R O1 O2
R X O2
R O2
SOLOMON FOUR - GROUP DESIGN
A design in which either there is no
control group or the subjects are not
randomly assigned to groups.
⭐ QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
O1 X O2
O1 O2
NON-EQUIVALENT CONTROL GROUP DESIGN
O1 O2 03 X O4 05 06
TIME-SERIES DESIGN
A design in which the researcher has
little control over the research. A very
weak design.
PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
X O
ONE-SHOT CASE STUDY
O1 X O2
ONE-GROUP PRETEST POST-TEST DESIGN
is the entire group that you want to draw
conclusions about.
population
reports from this group are true
representation of information.
population
parameter is a numeric characteristic of a
population.
population
is a subset that represents the entire
population.
sample
group where you will collect data from.
sample
statistic is a numeric characteristic of a
sample.
sample
The larger the sample, the _______.
more reliable the results of the study.
When the total is equal or less than 100, this same number may serve as the sample size.
universal sampling
Slovin’s Formula
sample size = N/(1+Ne²)
Sampling Techniques
Probability Sampling
Non-probability Sampling
uses randomization and takes steps to ensure all members of a population have a chance of being selected. also called the scientific sampling
Probability Sampling
Variations of Probability sampling:
- Simple Random Sampling
- Stratified Random Sampling
- Systematic Random Sampling
- Cluster Random Sampling
every member has an equal chance.
Simple Random Sampling
population divided into subgroups and members are randomly selected from each group.
Stratified Random Sampling
uses a specific system to select members such as every 3rd person on the list. sampling interval= N/n
Systematic Random Sampling
divides the population into clusters, every members from the selected cluster are considered as samples.
Cluster Random Sampling
does not rely on the use of randomization techniques to select members. This is typically done in studies where randomization is not possible in order to obtain a representative sample.
Non-probability Sampling
Variations of Non-probability sampling:
- Convenience or Accidental Sampling
- Purposive Sampling
- Proportional and Non-proportional Quota Sampling
- Diversity Sampling
- Snowball Sampling
members of units are selected based on availability.
Convenience or Accidental Sampling
members of a particular group are purposefully sought after.
Purposive Sampling
/members are sampled until exact proportions of certain types of data are obtained/ or /until sufficient data in different categories is collected/
proportional and non-proportional quota sampling
members are selected intentionally across the possible types of responses to capture all possibilities.
Diversity Sampling
members are sampled and then asked to help identify other members to sample and this process continues until enough samples are collected.
Snowball Sampling
Keep it up
Yes!!!
