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Chemistry Quiz 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Chemical Nomenclature

A

A systematic naming of chemical substances

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2
Q

Chemical FormulaS

A

A combination of symbols, subscripts, and possibly superscripts that identifies the composition of an element, compound, or ion

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3
Q

What information do chemical formulas provide?

A
  • the relative number of atoms of each element contained in a compound
  • some provide how atoms are arranged
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4
Q

What does writing a chemical formula imply?

A

Bonding of some type

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5
Q

Formula Unit

A

The collection of atoms described by a chemical formula
- an atom or molecule of an uncombined element, a molecule of a molecular compound, or the set of ions in the formula of an ionic compound

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6
Q

Subscripts

A

A number following the symbol of an element (or a closing parentheses) that denotes the number of atoms of the element (or the number of groups) in a compound

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7
Q

What does the formula unit represent?

A

The ratio of groups in the formula unit

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8
Q

What are the different forms compounds can exist in?

A
  1. Covalent compounds (molecular)
  2. Ionic Compounds
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9
Q

Molecules

A

an uncharged, covalently bonded group of atoms

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10
Q

When do molecules form

A

occurs when nonmetals bond

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11
Q

Covalent compound

A

a compound that contains only nonmetals and/or metalloids bonded together (also called a molecular compound)

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12
Q

Ionic compound

A

`A compound made up of metal atoms bonded to nonmetal atoms

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13
Q

Lattice structure

A

a three-dimensional framework containing altering positive and negative ions, in which the ions are bonded to multiple different ions of the opposite charge in all directions

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14
Q

The relationship between ionic compounds and the lattic structure

A

Ionic compounds bond the lattice structure

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15
Q

What are the diatomic molecules

A

H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2

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16
Q

Diatomic Molecules

A

A molecule containing two atoms

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17
Q

allotropes

A

one of two or more forms of an uncombined element (diamonds and graphite are both allotropes of carbon)

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18
Q

The chemical formula for a molecular compound indicates ___

A

the number of atoms of each type in a molecule

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19
Q

The chemical formula for an ionic compound indicated ___

A

the ratio of the atoms of each type

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20
Q

A subscript after a chemical symbol in a chemical formula indicates____

A

how many atoms of that type are in one formula unit of that compound

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21
Q

What does it mean if there is no subscript?

A

the number 1 is implied

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22
Q

What do subscripts outside of parentheses mean?

A

They are multipliers that apply yo rach element inside the parentheses

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23
Q

Ionic compounds contain____

A

metal atoms bonded to nonmetals

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24
Q

Covalent (molecular) compounds contain____

A

only nonmetals

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25
Q

Binary Compounds

A

a compound composed of exactly two elements

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26
Q

Binary covalent compound

A

a compound composed of exactly two nonmetals

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27
Q

What are the prefixes for binary compounds?

A

1 - mono
2 - di
3 - tri
4 - tetra
5 - penta
6 - hexa
7 - hepta
8 - octa
9 - nona
10 - deca

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28
Q

Naming Binary Covalent Compounds

A
  1. The first nonmetal has a prefix added if more than one atoms is present (stays the same if only one)
  2. Add a prefix to the second nonmetal regardless of how many atoms there are
  3. Add -ide to the end of the second nonmetal
    ***the nonmetal farthest from F goes first (closest to the left corner)
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29
Q

How to pick which nonmetal goes first in a binary covalent compound

A
  1. the nonmetal farthest from F/the closest to the bottom left corner
  2. If they are in the same group do the one farthest down
  3. If they are the same distance do the one on the row down
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30
Q

What is named different with binary covalent compounds?

A

Hydrogen

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31
Q

What are the three hydrogen binary covalent bonds we need to know?

A
  1. NH3 - Ammonia
  2. PH3 - Phosphine
  3. AsH3 - Arsine
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32
Q

Binary covalent compounds are made up of ____

A

two different nonmetal elements

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33
Q

What do binary covalent compounds use to denote the number of each element in a molecule?

A

Prefixes

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34
Q

When is the prefix of the first molecule omitted in a binary covalent compound?

A

When there is only one of the molecule

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35
Q

The relationship between the name of a binary covalent bond and the formula

A

If the element if named first in the compound, its symbol is written first in the formula

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36
Q

iON

A

an atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost electrons and therefore has a net negative or positive charge

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37
Q

Cations

A

positive ions (lost electrons)

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38
Q

Anions

A

Negative ions (gained electrons)

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39
Q

Monatomic ion

A

An ion consisting of a single atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons

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40
Q

Binary Ionic Compounds Info

A
  • form when metal atoms combine with nonmetal atoms
  • the metal atoms give their electrons to the nonmetals (the metal has a _ charge and the nonmetal has a - charge)
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41
Q

Row 1A Ionic Charges

A

H = + 1, -1
Li = +1
Na - +1
K = +1
Rb = +1
Cs = +1
Fr = +1

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42
Q

Row 2A Ionic Charges

A

Be = +2
Mg = +2
Ca = +2
Sr = +2
Ba = +2
Ra = +2

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43
Q

Transition Metal Charges

A

Ti = +2, +3
V = +2, +3
Cr = +2, +3
Mn = +2, _3
Fe = +2, +3
Co = +2, +3
Ni = +2, +3, +4
Cu = +1, +2
Zn = +2
Pd = +2, +4
Ag = +1
Cd = +2
Pt = +2, +4
Au = +1, +3
Hg = +2

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44
Q

Row 3A Ionic Charges

A

Al = +3

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45
Q

Row 5A Ionic Charges

A

N = -3
P = -3

46
Q

Row 6A Ionic Charges

A

O = -2
S = -2
Se = -2

47
Q

Row 7A Ionic Charges

A

F = -1
Cl = -1
Br = -1
I = -1

48
Q

Rows and their charges

A

1A = +1
2A = +1
3A = +3
4A = 4 N/A
5A = -3
6A = -2
7A = -1

49
Q

How are Ionic Charges determined?

A

Based on how many electrons they have compared to how many they need to be the closest noble gas

50
Q

What is the special case for the noble gases of row 1-3A?

A

They are positive because they go to the noble gas in the previous row so they have too many since the closest is behind them not in front of them

51
Q

What about the charges for Chemical Formulas for Binary Ionic Compounds?

A
  • all compounds are electrically neutral overall
52
Q

polyatomic ion

A

A group of two or more bonded atoms that have gained or lost electrons, resulting in an overall net charge

53
Q

Common Polyatomic Ions

A

Ammonium Ion - NH4+
Acetate Ion - C2H3C2- or CH4CoO-
Bromate Ion - BrO3-
Carbonate Ion - Co3-
Chlorate Ion - ClO3-
Cyanide Ion - CN-
Hydroxide Ion - OH-
Nitrate Ion - NO3-
Phosphate Ion - PO4(4-)
Sulfate Ion - SO4(2-)

54
Q

When are ions formed?

A

When an atom gains or loses an electron

55
Q

What are cations charge?

A

Positive

56
Q

What are anions charge?

A

Negative

57
Q

What formula must have a net charge of zero?

A

Ionic Compounds

58
Q

What gives the formula of ionic compounds?

A

The smallest integer number of cations and anions needed to achieve an overall net charge of zero

59
Q

What are the characteristics of most main group cations and all monatomic anions in ionic compounds?

A

Most main group cations and all monatomic anions have characteristic charges that can be used to determine the charges on the other ions in ionic compounds

60
Q

What is the order for naming Ionic Compounds?

A

Compounds consist of the name of the cation first followed by the name of the anion

61
Q

What are the three main types of cations

A
  1. Polyatomic: primarily the ammonium ions NH4+
  2. Monatomic metal cations with a constant charge: metals in groups 1 and 2 and a few others
  3. Monatomic metals with various charges: Group 3-16 metals
62
Q

Polyatomic ions

A
  • must be memorized
  • NH4+ is the only polyatomic cation likely to encounter in gen chem
63
Q

How to name a constant charge cation

A

The name of the element followed by ion

64
Q

How to name a variable charge cation

A
  • The name of the element followed by a roman numeral in parentheses
  • Stock system
65
Q

Stock System

A

The nomenclature system for inorganic compounds in which the oxidation state (or change for a monatomic cation) is represented as a roman numeral in the name of the compound

66
Q

What are the different types of anions

A
  1. Monatomic Anion: ions of groups 5-7 nonmetals
  2. Polyatomic anions: these anions can be further classified as oxyanions of they contain oxygen
67
Q

Naming Monatomic Anions-

A
  • Named by changing the ending of the elements name to -ide
68
Q

What are the exceptions to the monatomic anion naming?

A

OH- and CN- use -ide even though they are polyatomic

69
Q

Naming oxyanions

A
  • the ending -ate is used for the one with more oxygen atoms
  • the ending -ite is used for the one with fewer oxygen ions
  • The one with more than the standard most starts with per-
  • The one with less than the standard least starts with hypo-
70
Q

Oxyanions

A

An anion containing oxygen currently bonded to another element

71
Q

What are oxyanions in relation to polyatomic anions?

A

A class of polyatomic anions that contain an element along with a variable number of oxygen atoms

72
Q

What are the most used Oxyanions

A

perchlorate - ClO4-
Chlorate - ClO3-
Chlorite - ClO2-
Hypochlorite - ClO-

Perbromate - BrO4-
Bromate - BrO3-
Bromite - BrO2-
Hypobromite - BrO-

Periodate - IO4-
Iodate - IO3-
Iodite - IO2-
Hypoiodite - IO-

Sulfate - SO4(-2)
Sulfite - SO3(-2)

Nitrate - NO3-
Nitrite - NO2-

Phosphate - PO4(-3)

Carbonate - CO3(-2)

73
Q

Explain how polyatomic anions add H+

A

Polyatomic anions with charges -2 or -3 can add H+ and still be polyatomic anions

74
Q

How do you name polyatomic anions with an H+

A

Add hydrogen or dihydrogen to the front

75
Q

Naming Ionic Compounds

A
  • Represent the lowest whole-number ratio of cations to anions
  • Names do not have to state the number of cations and anions
  • State the name of the cation followed by the anions
  1. Cation - Constant charge write the name, variable charge put the name w/ a roman numeral
  2. Anions - monatomic write the root + ide, polyatomic write the name
76
Q

Waters of hydrogen

A

water molecules incorporated into the crystal lattice structure of some ionic compounds

77
Q

How are waters of hydrogen indicated

A

Indicated in the chemical formula by a contered dot after the ionic formula followed by the number of waters of hydration per formula unit

78
Q

Hydrate

A

an ionic compound that has water molecules bonded to it

79
Q

Anhydrous

A

“without water”

80
Q

Naming Hydrates

A

Name the ionic compound first and then combine a prefix that identifies the number of water molecules with the word hydrate

81
Q

What are constant charge cations

A

Constant charge cations are monatomic ions that always have the same charge

82
Q

Is the charge of the ion included in the name of constant charge monatomic ions?

A

No

83
Q

What are variable charge cations?

A

Variable charge cations are monatomic metal ions that do not always have the same charge

84
Q

Is the charge on the ion included in the name of variable charge monatomic ions?

A

Yes

85
Q

How do you learn to write polyatomic names?

A

You memorize them or look them up

86
Q

What are monatomic anions made up of?

A

Monatomic anions are made up of only one atom with a negative charge

87
Q

How are monatomic anions named?

A

They are named using the root of the element name with the suffix -ide

88
Q

Explain oxyanions

A

Oxyanions are a type of polyatomic anion containing oxygen along with another element. They are named using a system that includes the suffixes -ate and -ite, and in some cases, the prefixes per- and hypo - depending on the relative number of oxygen atoms in the ion

89
Q

How are ionic compound names written?

A

Ionic compound names result from writing the cation name, followed by the atomic name

90
Q

What are hydrates

A

Hydrates are ionic compounds with water molecules incorporated into their structures

91
Q

How are hydrates named?

A

Hydrates are named like ordinary ionic compounds with the addition of a prefix attached to the word hydrate to denote the number of water molecules per formula unit

92
Q

Acids

A

a compound that ionized in solution to produce H+ ions

93
Q

What type of compound are acids?

A

Covalent compounds

94
Q

What happens when Acids react with water?

A
  • One or more H+ is released
    remained of the acid molecule becomes an anion with a -1 charge for each hydrogen ion that was released
95
Q

How do acids behave in water?

A

when dissolved in water acids behave as cations (positive)

96
Q

Ionizable hydrogen atoms

A

any of the hydrogen atoms in an acide that are capable of reacting with water to form H+ ions

97
Q

How to determine ionizable hydrogen atoms

A

Written first in the chemical formula of an acid

98
Q

Monoprotic acid

A

An acid that has only one ionizable hydrogen atom per formula unit

99
Q

Polyprotic acid

A

an acid that has more than one ionizable hydrogen atom per formula unit

100
Q

How to spot an acid

A

All chemical formulas that begin with H are acids when dissolved in water except H2) and H2O2

101
Q

What are the three types of acids

A
  1. Binary
  2. Oxy-
  3. Organic
102
Q

Binary acids

A

made up of H and one other element

103
Q

Oxyacids

A

an acid of a nonmetal covalently bonded to one or more oxygen atoms made up of H bonded to oxyanions

104
Q

Organic acids

A

made up of H, C, and O atoms

105
Q

Naming Binary Acids

A
  1. Take the root portion of the monatomic anions name and add the prefix hydro-
  2. Add the suffix -ic
  3. Add ‘acid’ to the end
106
Q

When are binary acids named as acids?

A

They are only named as acids when dissolved in water

107
Q

How do you name nondissolved acids?

A

If not dissolved then name it as if hydro were an alkali metal and using the naming rules for ionic compoundd

108
Q

Naming Oxyacids

A
  1. begin with the name of the oxyanion in the acid
  2. replace the -ate with ic or the -ite with -ous
  3. Add acid to thee end
  4. If hypo or per prefix leave them there
109
Q

What are acids?

A

Acids are a group of hydrogen containing compounds that when dissolved in water can react with water molecules and release one or more H+ ions

110
Q

Acids and ionizable H

A

An acid will have one ionizable H atom for each negative charge on its anion, and for every H ion removed from the formula of an acid, one negative charge is added in the resulting anion

111
Q

Where is H in most acids?

A

In almost every acid H is the first part of the chemical formula

112
Q

How are acid names derived?

A

The names of acids are derived from the names of the anions they contain
1. The -ate suffix on an anion is removed and replaced with -ic acid
2. The -ite suffix on an anion is removed and replaced with -ous acid
3. The -ide suffix on an anion is replaced with -ic acid and the prefix hydro- is added

Chemistry Quiz 1 (4 decks)

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