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Rad-bio physics > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is mitotic delay?

A

delay in the entry of cells into mitosis

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2
Q

What is vivo?

A

living organism

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3
Q

what is vitro?

A

artificial environment (glassware)

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4
Q

what is mitotic overshoot?

A

Mitotic overshoot occurs after irradiation. The population of cells in mitosis is disturbed and the cells that were in mitosis at the time complete their division, but those about to enter division are delayed in G2. The mitotic indexes decreases for a period of time as some cells are stopped from proceeding through mitosis at their appointed time. If the dose is low enough, cells can recover from the delay and proceed through mitosis. The increase in the number of cells undergoing mitosis causes a mitotic overshoot.

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5
Q

what cell cycle is the most sensitive?

A

mitosis

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6
Q

what does tissue/organ response depends on 2 factors

A
  1. various cell populations in that
    tissue or organ.
  2. The turnover kinetics of each population in the tissue
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7
Q

how long is mitosis?

A

about an hour

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8
Q

what does bergonie and tribondeau study?

A

the role of cell division in radiation response

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9
Q

what is the law of radiosensitivity and the meaning

A

the radiosensitivity of cells is directly proportional to their reproductive activity and inversely proportional to their degree of differentiation.

the more they reproduce, the more sensitive. mitosis is the most sensitive.

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10
Q

observations based on the physician report are:

A
  1. x -rays appeared to destroy cells of tumor w/o permanently harming adjacent healthy tissue
  2. some tissues were damaged by doses of radiation that did not appear to harm other tisses
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11
Q

bergonie and tribondeau performed experiments on rodent testicles in which the tests contains

A

immature spermatogonia and spermatocytes and also mature cells(spermatozoa);these populations differ both in function and mitotic activity.

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12
Q

hypothesis

A

ionizing radiation is more effective against cells that are actively dividing, are undifferentiated and have a long dividing future.

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13
Q

bergonie and tribondeau defined cell sensitivity

A

terms of specific cellular characteristics, mitotic activity and differentiation, rather than on radiation

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14
Q

what is a differentiation cell?

A

a mature cell. it is specialized and more resistant to radiation effect.

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15
Q

what is a undifferentiated cell?

A

a cell that has a few specialized characteristics.

it is a immature cell (like a baby)

specialized functionally and/or morphol-
ogically (structurally)

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16
Q

various stages of differentiation example

A

testis

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17
Q

differentiated cell example

A

erythrocyte (RBC), no nucleus

18
Q

undifferentiated example

A

erythroblast, stem cell for RBC, present in bone marrow, supplies cells which will differentiate to become erythrocytes.

19
Q

3 categories of cell populations

A

stem cell-immature cell
transit cell-teenager cell
static population-senior citizen

20
Q

stem cell population

A

divide to maintain own population(self-renewal) and produce cells for another population

undifferentiated cell

ex.cells in bone marrow, basal cell in epidermis of skin, cells in crypts, spermatogonia in testis.

21
Q

transit population

A

move from 1 place to another

may or may not divide while in transit

ex. nucleated red cell(dividing cell) and reticulocyte in bone marrow (non dividing) cell that doesn’t divide

22
Q

static population

A

loses cells throughout the life of the organism

fully differentiated cells

ex. adult nervous tissue and muscle

radioresistant

23
Q

The process by which immature spermatogonia become mature spermatozoa is termed

A

differentiation

24
Q

The spermatozoon is the that is morphologically and functionally specialized

A

mature, nondividing cell

25
Q

5 classes of Mammalian cell population

A
  1. VIM
  2. DIM
  3. Multipotentional Connective Tissue Cells
  4. RPM
    5.FPM
26
Q

Does high let has a shoulder?

A

No, high let doesn’t have a shoulder.it goes straight down.

27
Q

VIM

A

Vegetative Intermitotic cells

a. most radiosensitive and more differentiate.
b. rapidly dividing
c. most radiosensitive group cells
ex. basal cells of epidermis, erthyroblasts,

28
Q

DIM

A

Differentiating Intermitotic Cells
-produced by division of VIM cells
-actively mitotic but more differentiated than VIM
- ex. type B spermatogonia

29
Q

Multipotential Connective Tissue

A

a. Divide irregularly
b. More differentiated than DIM
c. Intermediate in radiation sensitivity
ex. endothelial cells, fibroblasts

30
Q

RPM

A

Reverting Postmitotic Cells
a. Normally do not undergo mitosis
b. Retain capability to divide under special circumstances
c.long-lived cells
ex. liver cells, mature lymphocyte

31
Q

FPM

A

Fixed Postmitotic Cells
a. Do not divide
b. Highly differentiated
c. Resistant to radiation
ex. muscle cells,RBCs, spermatozoa

32
Q

Parenchymal compartment

A

cells characteristic of that individual tissue organ

33
Q

stromal compartment

A

composed of connective tissue and vasculature which supports the organ structure.

34
Q

parenchymal compartment

A

may be comprised of more than 1 category of cells
ex. testis

another example is hematopoietic bone marrow (stem cells) circulating blood cells; skin and intestinal tract

35
Q

hypothesis

A

the difference in time it takes for damage to be expressed is simply due to differences in turnover kinetics of critical target cells in different tissues

36
Q

how many normal tissues can be divided into 2 categories

A

acutely responding and late responding normal tissues

37
Q

acute responding-

A

show injury within a few months after radiation is completed b/c they are self-renewal tissues containing rapidly dividing stem cell population

ex. breast cancer people getting radiation. you will see redness.

38
Q

what are examples of acute responding

A

bone marrow, skin, intestine, and testis

39
Q

late responding

A

injury not expressed for at least 3 months or longer b/c they contain slow dividing cell populations.

not critical

ex. lung, kidney

40
Q

assays of radiation damage are divided into 3 categories

A
  1. clonogenic
  2. functional
    3.lethality
41
Q

d0 is 1.2

A

radiosensitive b/c number is low

Rad-bio physics (1 decks)

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