Chapter 3

Question 1

What is a neuron?

Answer 1

A nerve cell

Question 2

What is the synapse?

Answer 2

The tiny space between the nerve ending of one neuron and the dendrite of another

Question 3

What is a neurotransmitter?

Answer 3

A chemical that, released by one neuron, crosses the synaptic space to be received at receptors on the dendrite of neighboring neurons

Question 4

What is a receptor?

Answer 4

A site on a neuron that recieves a neurotransmitter

Question 5

What are hormones?

Answer 5

The chemicals released by endocrine glands into the bloodstream

Question 6

What is the brain circuit?

Answer 6

A network of particular brain structures that work together, triggering each other into action to produce a distinct kind of behavioural, cognitive, or emotional reaction

Question 7

What are genes?

Answer 7

Chromosome segments that control the characteristics and traits we inherit

Question 8

What is brain stimulation?

Answer 8

Interventions that directly or indirectly stimulate the brain in order to bring about psychological improvement

Question 9

What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

Answer 9

A treatment in which a brain seizure is triggered when an electric current passes through electrodes attached to the patient’s forehead

Question 10

What is the ID?

Answer 10

According to Freud, the psychological force that produces instinctual needs, drives, and impulses

Question 11

What is the ego?

Answer 11

According to Freud, the psychological force that employs reason and operates in accordance with the reality principle

Question 12

What is the ego defense mechanism?

Answer 12

According to psychoanalytic theory, strategies developed by the ego to control unacceptable ID impulses and to avoid or reduce the anxiety they arouse

Question 13

What is the superego?

Answer 13

According to Freud, the psychological force that represents a persons values and ideals

Question 14

What is a fixation?

Answer 14

According to Freud, a condition in which the ID, ego, or superego do not mature properly and are frozen at an early stage of development

Question 15

What is self theory?

Answer 15

The psychodynamic theory that emphasizes the role of the self - our unified personality

Question 16

What is the object relations theory?

Answer 16

The psychodynamic theory that views the desire for relationships as the key motivating force in human behaviour

Question 17

What is free association?

Answer 17

A psycodynamic technique in which the patient describes any thought, feeling, or image that comes to mind, even if it seems unimportant

Question 18

What is resistance?

Answer 18

An unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy

Question 19

What is transference?

Answer 19

According to psychodynamic theorists, the redirection toward the psychotherapist of feelings associated with important figures in a patients life, now or in the past

Question 20

What is catharsis?

Answer 20

The reliving of past repressed feelings in order to settle internal conflict and overcome problems

Question 21

What is conditioning?

Answer 21

A simple form of learning

Question 22

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 22

a process of learning by temporal association in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become fused in perons mind and produce the same response

Question 23

What is modelling?

Answer 23

A process of learning in which an individual acquires responses by observing and imitating others

Question 24

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 24

A process of learning in which individuals come to behave in certain ways as a result of experiencing consequences of one kind or another whenever they perform the behaviour

Question 25

What is exposure therapy?

Answer 25

A behaviour-focused intervention in which fearful people are repeatedly exposed to the objects or situations they dread

Question 26

What is self-actualization?

Answer 26

The humanistic process by which people fulfill their potential for goodness and growth

Question 27

What is client-centred therapy?

Answer 27

the humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which clinians try to help clients by conveying acceptance, accurate empathy, and genuineness

Question 28

What is Gestalt Therapy?

Answer 28

The humanistic theory developed by Fritz Perls in which clinicians actively move clients towards self-recognition and self-acceptance by using techniques such as role playing and self-discovery exercises

Question 29

What is existential therapy?

Answer 29

A therapy that encourages clients to accept responsibility for their lives and to live with greater meaning and value

Question 30

What is family systems theory?

Answer 30

a theory that views as a system of interacting parts whose interactions exhibit consistent patterns and unstated rules

Question 31

What is group therapy?

Answer 31

A therapy form in which people with similar problems meet together with a therapist to work on those problems

Question 32

What is a support group?

Answer 32

a group made up of people with similar problems who helps and supports one another without the direct leadership of a clinician. Also called a self-help group, peer group, or mutual-help group

Question 33

What is the multicultural perspective?

Answer 33

the view that each culture in a society has particular values, beliefs, and pressures that help account for the behaviour and functioning of its members. Also called culturally diverse perspective

Question 34

What is intersectionality?

Answer 34

A multicultural framework that examines how each individuals membership across multiple cultural groups and social identities combine to shape their particular experiences, opportunities, outlook, and functioning

Question 35

What are culture-sensitive therapies

Answer 35

Approaches that are designed to help address the unique issues faced by members of cultural minority groups

Question 36

What are gender sensitive therapies

Answer 36

Approaches geared to the pressures of being a female or gender minority in society