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PSYCH 104 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which 2 parts of the neuron are most involved in delivery and reception of an electrical transmission?

A

Dendrite and Axon terminal

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2
Q

What would a result in demyelination of the axon be?

A

A slow down in electrical transmission as myelin sheath speeds up transmission

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the Nodes of Ranvier?

A

Momentarily slows down the transmission of an electrical impulse

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4
Q

What type of cells form the myelin sheath?

A

Glial cells

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5
Q

What other important roles do glial cells play in our nervous system?

A

They guide new neurons into place, nourish the neurons, detoxify them, and modulate communication between them

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the blood brain barrier and what forms it?

A

Glial cells form the BBB and its purpose is to prevent the entrance of foreign substances from the blood into the brain

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7
Q

If a graded potential occurs on a neuron, what does this mean?

A

It means that the neuron does not fire as it does not meet the threshold voltage of -55mV

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8
Q

What “state” is the neuron in when it is at rest?

A

Polarized state

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9
Q

During depolarization, what occurs?

A

Sodium flows into the neuron until +40mV is attained

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10
Q

What is it called when potassium ions flow out of the neuron to restore the resting potential of the membrane?

A

Repolarization

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11
Q

What implications can be drawn from the absolute refractory period?

A

It implies that there is a limit in the number of action potentials that occur for a neuron

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12
Q

Why is the resting potential of a neuron -70mV?

A

Due to the uneven distribution of ions as there are more positive sodium ions out than there are positive potassium ions in

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13
Q

Even if a single graded potential is not enough to cause an action potential, why is it possible for graded potentials to cause a neuron to fire?

A

Since neurons are connected, various graded potentials can be summed so the threshold is met to allow the neuron to fire.

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14
Q

What is the all or none law?

A

States that the minimum threshold of -55mV must be met in order for the neuron to fire

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15
Q

In chemical transmission, the axon terminal and dendrite of two separate neurons are related by?

A

Synaptic cleft

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16
Q

What are the two primary categories of neurotransmitters?

A

Inhibitory and excitatory

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17
Q

If an action potential is less likely to occur due to a neurotransmitter (in other words promotes the flow of potassium ions out of the neuron), what kind of NT is it?

A

Inhibitory

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18
Q

What do excitatory neurotransmitters do to a neuron?

A

Makes them more likely to fire as they promote the entrance of sodium ions into the neuron

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19
Q

Is it possible for any neurotransmitter to bind to any receptors? If so/not, explain why.

A

Due to the lock and key analogy, there is a degree of specifity between NT’s and receptors that prevents just any NT’s to bind to just any receptor

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20
Q

What are the two methods of neurotransmitter deactivation?

A

Reuptake and breakdown

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21
Q

Explain the process of neurotransmitter reuptake.

A

After detaching from the receptors, NT’s are reabsorbed into the pre-synaptic axon terminal

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22
Q

Explain the process of neurotransmitter breakdown.

A

After detaching from the receptors, NT’s are degraded by enzymes in the synaptic cleft

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23
Q

If a person is experiencing a seizure, what inferences can be made regarding the type of neurotransmitter that is predominantly acting?

A

That the NT’s are likely excitatory in nature

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24
Q

If a person stops breathing, what inferences can be made regarding the type of neurotransmitter that is predominantly acting?

A

That the NT’s are likely inhibitory in nature

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25
Q

What is cross talk and how is it prevented?

A

It is when a neuron is receiving inhibitory and excitatory signals but this is prevented as certain neurons contain either inhibitory or excitatory NT receptors (VERY BIG SIMPLIFCATION)

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26
Q

What is the difference between neuromodulators and neurotransmitters?

A

While neurotransmitters have very specific effects, neuromodulators have more generalized effects

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27
Q

If a drug is agonistic, what kind of effect does it have?

A

It promotes neurotransmitter activity

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28
Q

If a drug decreases neurotransmitter activity, what kind of drug is it?

A

Antagonistic

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29
Q

If we determine that a NT is involved with learning, can we (for certain) identify which neurotransmitter it is?

A

Likely not as almost all of the NT’s we will be dealing with are involved in learning

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30
Q

Which NT is most closely associated with Huntington’s disease? What kind of NT is it?

A

GABA, inhibitory

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31
Q

Other than learning, what else is glutamate involved in? What type of NT is it?

A

Memory, excitatory

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32
Q

Acetylcholine is a _________ type of NT and is most associated with __________.

A

excitatory, motor control

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33
Q

Botulistic bacteria can cause paralysis. Which NT do they most likely inhibit?

A

Acetylcholine

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34
Q

If there are increases in depression, and an increase in stress and panic disorders, which NT is most likely being reduced?

A

Norepinephrine

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35
Q

Which NT is most involved in reward, motivation, pleasurable feelings, and voluntary motor control?

A

Dopamine

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36
Q

What are SSRI’s and what are they thought to help with?

A

These are serotonin reuptake inhibitors that are thought to help with depression by increasing the time of mechanism by preventing reuptake into the pre-synaptic axon terminal

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37
Q

Decreases in this NT are associated with Parkinson’s while increases in it are associated with scizophrenia. Which NT is it?

A

Dopamine

38
Q

If you have an imbalance in this NT, you are often likely to develop depression, anxiety, insomnia, and eating disorders.

A

Serotonin

39
Q

This NT is often described to be our “biologically manufactured opiate” and is involved in pain management (dulling).

A

Endorphins

40
Q

What 2 branches make up the nervous system?

A

Central and peripheral

41
Q

What are spinal reflexes?

A

These are innate survival reflexes that our spinal chord has developed without the need for input from the brain.

42
Q

What 2 branches are there in the peripheral nervous system? Which of these branches is involved with voluntary and which is involved with involuntary movement?

A

Somatic = voluntary and autonomic = involuntary

43
Q

How does the somatic system cause muscle movement?

A

Sensory neurons send sensory information to the brain that triggers the motor neurons to generate a response in the form of movement

44
Q

What is the difference in the way that the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems behave?

A

Sympathetic excites while the parasympathetic calms. The effects that the sympathetic has are more widespread while parasympathetic often has more localized effects.

45
Q

What do neuropsychological tests allow us to infer?

A

The state of cognition, brain function, etc.

46
Q

What is the process of using electrical impulses to examine and map out the brain called?

A

Destruction and stimulation

47
Q

What are the 2 types of structural forms of neuroimaging?

A

CT and MRI (computerized topography and magnetic resonance imaging)

48
Q

What is the difference between PET scans and fMRI scans?

A

While both track bloodflow to the brain during certain events, PET radioactively marks hemoglobin while fMRI tracks hemoglobin as it responds to magnetic impulses.

49
Q

How do EEG’s (electroencephalograms) act as a functional form of neuroimaging?

A

It uses electrical impulses to track neural activity during events such as EVENT RELATED POTENTIALS

50
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the hindbrain?

A

Cerebellum, pons, and medulla

51
Q

What is the primary part of the midbrain that we will be discussing?

A

The reticular formation

52
Q

What are the 4 parts of the forebrain that we will be discussing?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and pituitary gland

53
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the limbic system that we will be discussing?

A

Hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, and the amygdala

54
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Fine motor control and muscle memory

55
Q

What are the 3 things that the pons responsible for?

A

Sleep regulation, dreams, and respiration

56
Q

What 2 things is the medulla responsible for?

A

Heart rate and respiration

57
Q

Why is the reticular formation called the “gatekeeper” or the brain’s “dam”?

A

Because it can dictate how much information gets transmitted to the cerebral cortex from the hindbrain.

58
Q

What is the thalamus involved in?

A

Like a sensory springbroad, is responsible in relaying sensory information to the rest of the brain

59
Q

What is the basal ganglia responsible for?

A

Also involved in motor control but is also involved in reward/motivation

60
Q

What is the pituitary gland responsible for?

A

Secreting MANY hormones of the body

61
Q

What is the hypothalamus responsible for?

A

Controls various biological drives such as eating, temperature regulation, etc.

62
Q

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

A

Formation and recollection of memories and navigation

63
Q

What is the amygdala responsible for?

A

Emotional response patterns, especially those in response to stress

64
Q

What is the nucleus accumbens responsible for?

A

Very involved in dopaminergic responses as it dictates behavior related to pleasure and reward

65
Q

If vision becomes impaired, which of the four lobes of the brain was most likely affected?

A

Occipital

66
Q

If hearing becomes impaired, which of the four lobes was most likely affected?

A

Temporal

67
Q

If motor control becomes impaired which of the four lobes was most likely affected?

A

Frontal

68
Q

If you are having trouble physically feeling and sensing things around you, which of the four lobes was most likely affected?

A

Parietal

69
Q

If self-awareness, speech, and emotional regulation are reduced, which of the four lobes was most likely affected?

A

Frontal

70
Q

If you are having trouble with understanding what someone has to say, which of the four lobes was most likely affected?

A

Temporal

71
Q

What is the association cortex?

A

These are neurons that are not directly involved with any specific function but are involved with generating neural activity that aid in the occurrence of these specific functions.

72
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

Hind frontal lobe

73
Q

In which lobe is the somatosensory cortex located?

A

Parietal

74
Q

If your left expenditures are starting to feel numb, which side of the brain is likely to have experienced an issue?

A

Right Hemisphere

75
Q

True or false. If your right side of the brain has experienced any issues, the right side of your body will be experiencing issues as well.

A

False, it’s the Left Hemisphere

76
Q

What would happen if you have a stroke in Wernicke’s area?

A

An issue in comprehending language would arise.

77
Q

What would happen if you have a stroke in Broca’s area?

A

An issue in developing speech would arise.

78
Q

In which lobe is Broca’s area located?

A

Frontal lobe

79
Q

In which lobe is Wernicke’s area located?

A

Temporal lobe

80
Q

Why is the primary motor cortex next to Broca’s area?

A

Because Broca’s area is involved in speech formulation, the primary motor cortex is important in enforcing voluntary muscle movement of the tongue to generate speech.

81
Q

What is neural plasticity?

A

This is the neuron’s ability to change in structure and function over time.

82
Q

True or false. Increased use and activity will cause neurons to increase in plasticity?

A

True. One analogy would be like working out. If you work out a certain muscle (neuron), they will go stronger (increased neural plasticity).

83
Q

True or false. Plasticity is constant throughout one’s lifetime.

A

False. Plasticity is highest in young children and gradually decreases as one gets older.

84
Q

What is evidence for children having higher plasticity?

A
  1. They have much more synapses
  2. They are able to learn languages easier than adults
85
Q

What is pruning and what causes it?

A

Connections are lost and synpases are degraded due to decreased use/function.

86
Q

What is neurogenesis?

A

This is the process of new neurons being created

87
Q

Can neurogenesis be modulated?

A

Yes! Exercise can promote it while alcohol and drugs can suppress it.

88
Q

What is lateralization?

A

This discusses how certain functions are localized to certain parts of the brain

89
Q

Language, logic, and positive emotion are localized to which hemisphere?

A

Left

90
Q

Negative emotion, creativity, spatial and melody processing, and imagery are localized to which hemisphere?

A

Right

91
Q

Which part of the brain is cut to prevent communication between the two hemispheres of the brain?

A

Corpus callosum

92
Q

Is it possible for the two hemispheres to behave independently of one another after the corpus callosum is severed?

A

Yes, through completely lateralizing certain functions in one of the two halves. For example, language in the left.

PSYCH 104 (1 decks)

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