Chapter 3

Question 0

Inductive Arguments

Answer 0

Try to show that their conclusions are plausible given the premises

Question 1

Deductive Arguments

Answer 1

Try to prove their conclusions with logic

Question 2

The Indicator Word Test

Answer 2

Look for deductive and inductive indicator words

Question 3

The Strict Necessity Test

Answer 3

An argument’s conclusion either follows with strict logical necessity from its premises or does not

Question 4

The Common Pattern Test

Answer 4

Look for common deductive and inductive reasoning patterns

Question 5

Hypothetical Syllogism

Answer 5

One conclusion, two premises (deductive pattern)

Question 6

Modus Ponens

Answer 6

Affirming the antecedent; if a, then b. A. Therefore b. (deductive pattern)

Question 7

Modus Tollens

Answer 7

Denying the consequent; if a, then b. Not b. Therefore not A. (deductive pattern)

Question 8

Denying the Antecedent

Answer 8

Invalid deductive pattern

Question 9

Affirming the Consequent

Answer 9

Invalid deductive pattern

Question 10

Chain Argument

Answer 10

If a, then b. If b, then c. Therefore, if a then c.

Question 11

Categorical Syllogism

Answer 11

A 3-line argument in which each statement begins with all, some, or not (deductive pattern)

Question 12

Argument by Elimination

Answer 12

Logically rules out various possibilities until only one remains (deductive pattern)

Question 13

Argument Based on Mathematics

Answer 13

The conclusion is dependent on some mathematical calculation (deductive pattern)

Question 14

Argument from Definition

Answer 14

The conclusion is presented as following by definition of some key word or phrase (deductive pattern)

Question 15

Inductive Generalization

Answer 15

An argument in which a generalization is claimed to be probably true (inductive pattern)

Question 16

Predictive Argument

Answer 16

Prediction defended with reasons (inductive pattern)

Question 17

Argument from Authority

Answer 17

Asserts a claim and supports it by citing an authority who has said it is true (inductive pattern)

Question 18

Casual Argument

Answer 18

Asserts or denies something is the cause of something else (inductive pattern)

Question 19

Statistical Argument

Answer 19

Rests on statistical evidence (inductive pattern)

Question 20

Argument from Analogy

Answer 20

Conclusion is claimed to depend on an analogy between two or more things (inductive pattern)

Question 21

The Principle of Charity Test

Answer 21

Never attribute to an arguer a weaker argument when the evidence reasonably permits us to attribute to him or her a stronger one

Question 22

Unsound/Uncogent

Answer 22

Either invalid/weak or has at least one false premise