Chapter 3

Question 1

Agrarian Societies

Answer 1

Were the most advanced of the agricultural era, characterized by groups living in permanent settlements while growing crops and raising domesticated animals.

Question 2

Agricultural Revolution

Answer 2

Was a social revolution marked by formerly nomadic groups starting to grow plants and/or raise animals for food, rather than relying only on what they found in the wild.

Question 3

Beliefs

Answer 3

Are nonmaterial cultural elements that refer to shared understandings about what is real or true.

Question 4

Counterculture

Answer 4

Is a type of subculture that opposes or rejects aspects of the dominant culture.

Question 5

Cross-cultural research

Answer 5

Refers to research that includes multiple cultures in the same study.

Question 6

Cultural Capital

Answer 6

Refers to socially valued knowledge, skills and education that one possesses

Question 7

Cultural Diffusion

Answer 7

Occurs when particular elements of one culture are adopted by another

Question 8

Cultural lag

Answer 8

Refers to situations in which material culture changes more quickly than nonmaterial culture

Question 9

Cultural lead

Answer 9

Refers to situations in which nonmaterial culture changes more quickly than material culture

Question 10

Cultural Relativism

Answer 10

Means attempting to understand another culture from the perspective and experiences of its members

Question 11

Cultural transmission

Answer 11

Refers to the process by which people learn their culture.

Question 12

Cultural Universals

Answer 12

Refer to elements of culture that almost all societies have in common.

Question 13

Culture

Answer 13

Is the complex system of meaning that a group uses to understand and share experiences.

Question 14

Culture shock

Answer 14

Refers to times of rapid cultural
change

Question 15

Digital Revolution

Answer 15

Was a social revolution marked by a shift from analog, mechanical and electronic technologies to digital technology

Question 16

Dominant Culture

Answer 16

Is the culture of the dominant, or powerful, groups in society

Question 17

Economic capital

Answer 17

Refers to money and liquid assets.

Question 18

Ethnocentrism

Answer 18

Is the tendency for people to use the standards of their own culture as a basis for evaluating other cultures.

Question 19

Folk Culture

Answer 19

Refers to the common activities and interests of small, homogeneous, rural groups.

Question 20

Folkways

Answer 20

Are norms that are less strongly enforced.

Question 21

High Culture

Answer 21

Represents the very best of a society, or its most-revered thoughts, knowledge and accomplishments

Question 22

Horticultural societies

Answer 22

Horticultural societies were part of the agricultural era and focused on growing crops while continuing to hunt wild animals

Question 23

Hunting and gathering societies

Answer 23

Were the earliest human societies, characterized by nomadic bands that sustained themselves by using simple tools made from natural materials to hunt, fish and gather vegetation for food in a defined territory.

Question 24

Ideal culture

Answer 24

Refers to idealized cultural elements, or what people in a society theoretically value, believe and practice (under ideal circumstances).

Question 25

Industrial Revolution

Answer 25

Was a social revolution that was marked by a move away from an economy based on agriculture to one based on the mass production and distribution of goods.

Question 26

Industrial societies

Answer 26

Are marked by massive urban centers built around factories and supported by the people who moved there in masses

Question 27

Language

Answer 27

Is part of nonmaterial culture and refers to a system of symbols that members of a culture use to express meaning.

Question 28

Mass media

Answer 28

Include any platform or message that is intended to communicate with a mass general audience.

Question 29

Material culture

Answer 29

Refers to the cultural elements produced by a society that convey cultural meaning.

Question 30

Mean world syndrome

Answer 30

Refers to the effect of watching violent media content that leads to increased fears of crime victimization

Question 31

Mores

Answer 31

Are norms that are more strongly enforced.

Question 32

Nonmaterial culture

Answer 32

Refers to the fundamental ways of thinking, knowing and doing that are characteristic of a culture

Question 33

Norms

Answer 33

Nonmaterial cultural elements that designate expectations, or rules, for behavior

Question 34

Pastoral Societies

Answer 34

Were part of the agricultural era and focused on raising animals while continuing to forage for vegetation

Question 35

Popular culture

Answer 35

Refers to the common activities and interests of the general public that largely center on entertainment and recreation

Question 36

Postindustrial societies

Answer 36

Are characterized by an economy based on the production of information and services, rather than manufacturing goods.

Question 37

Practices

Answer 37

Are nonmaterial cultural elements that refer to a group’s traditional, customary or otherwise, commonplace behaviors, as well as rituals that express or celebrate cultures.

Question 38

Propaganda

Answer 38

Refers to the use of mass media (often by a government) to disseminate messages meant to sway public opinion in a particular manner

Question 39

Real culture

Answer 39

Refers to the values, beliefs and practices that people in a society actually follow in their daily lives.

Question 40

Sanctions

Answer 40

Are reactions in response to following a norm (met with a positive sanction) or violating a norm (met with a negative sanction).

Question 41

Social captial

Answer 41

Refers to the connections among people that cause social cohesion.

Question 42

Social revolution

Answer 42

Refers to a period of social change that fundamentally alters the way of life in a society

Question 43

Society

Answer 43

Is a diverse collection of people who live in a defined geographic area and share a common way of life.

Question 44

Subculture

Answer 44

Is a non-dominant culture that exists in a society; it has all of the characteristics of distinct cultures but embraces cultural elements that differ in some way from dominant culture.

Question 45

Taboos

Answer 45

Are the most strongly enforced formal norms; they represent what people in society consider to be the most unconscionable behaviors.

Question 46

Technological Revolution

Answer 46

Was a social revolution marked by a rapid spread of industrialization across Western Europe, the United States and Japan, including widespread adoption of pre existing technological systems.

Question 47

Third-person effect

Answer 47

Refers to the common belief that you personally are not affected by mass media messages to the extent that others are.

Question 48

Value contradictions

Answer 48

Refer to cultural elements that are inconsistent, contradictory or mutually exclusive.

Question 49

Values

Answer 49

Are nonmaterial cultural elements that represent the ideal principles of a society.