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Biology 111 Chapter 3 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is glycocalyx

A

a slimy substance that adheres to the outside of the cell wall

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2
Q

What are the other two names for the same structure

A

capsule-thick layer

slime layer- thin layer

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3
Q

Name three possible functions of glycocalyx

A
  1. protect the cell from dehydration when the environment dries up.
  2. allows the bacteria to attach to tissue, which can then be invaded.
  3. protection against phagocytosis by white blood cells increasing the survival of the cell in the human body
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4
Q

What are the functions of the cell wall

A
  1. Its rigid structure maintains cell shape.
  2. Provides protection from the environment.
  3. also provides protection from osmotic pressure.
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5
Q

How do some antibiotics and lysozyme work on the cell wall

A

Bacteria produce enzymes to reseal breaks in the peptidoglycan cell wall that occurs during normal growth and division. Penicillin binds to enzymes, inactivating the enzymes
Lysozyme is an enzyme found in tears it digests peptidoglycan

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6
Q

Describe the structure of peptidoglycan

A

Is composed of two major subunits: alternating glycan molecules plus tetrapeptide chains

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7
Q

Glycan molecules

A

a simple sugar connected to an amino acid, there are two types: NAG, NAM

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8
Q

Gram Positive

A

a thick homogenous sheath of peptidoglycan ranging from 20-80nm and forms about 90% of the cell wall it also contains techoic acid

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9
Q

Gram Negative

A

more complex than gram positive, contains two layers: periplasm space and outer membrane

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10
Q

Periplasm space

A

region between the cell membrane and the outermembrane, composed of a layer of periplasm and peptidoglycan

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11
Q

Outer membrane

A

consists of bilayer structure: one layer is composed of phospholipids and other macromolecules, the outer layer is made of Lipopolysaccharide forms outer sheath of membrane

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12
Q

Porin proteins

A

allow specific molecules to pass and will shut off when the cell is threatened

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13
Q

Where is techoic acid found

A

gram positive cell wall which is a complex molecule that contains amino acids

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14
Q

Where is the outer membrane found and what does it do

A

in the gram negative cell wall and it acts as a barrier

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15
Q

Name the molecules that are found on the outer cell membrane

A

composed of phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded in the bilayer

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16
Q

Integral proteins

A

Mainly involved in transport

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17
Q

Carrier protein

A

bind to specific substances and transport them across the cell membrane

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18
Q

Channel protein

A

opening which allows small, water soluble substances to go across the membrane

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19
Q

Function of cell membrane

A

serves as barrier to molecules using selectively permeable and enzymes embedded within the cell membrane help with anabolic chemical reactions including synthesis of the cell wall and appendages and catabolic pathway such as electron transport chain

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20
Q

Describe how mycoplasma has adapted without cell wall

A

it pumps ions (Na) out of the cell to keep turgor pressure equal inside and outside the cell…prevents lysis from occurring, cell membranes are strengthened by adding cholesterol, usually found in some eukaryotic cells

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21
Q

What is a flagella

A

long, thin, rigid hair-like appendages composed of protein

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22
Q

What does flagella do

A

it rotates 360* at nearly 2000rpm it causes the cell itself to slowly spin in the opposite direction it provides a way for bacteria to locomote

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23
Q

Composition of flagella

A

filament, hook, two rings

24
Q

Filament

A

the long tube-like structure

25
Q

Hook

A

the filament is inserted into hook

26
Q

Two rings

A

hook inserted here, provides the anchor for the filament and the hook has one ring is attached to the cell membrane and the other ring is attached to the cell wall

27
Q

Can bacteria have more than one flagella

A

yes bacteria can have one or more these can be arranged in many different ways

28
Q

monotrichous

A

single flagellum at one end of the cell

29
Q

amphitrichous

A

single flagellum at each end

30
Q

lophotrichous

A

a tuft of many flagella at one end

31
Q

peritrichous

A

flagella located on many sides of the bacterial cell

32
Q

In what bacteria are flagella found

A

in all spirilla, half of the bacilli, and a few coccus

33
Q

Fimbriae

A

short but numerous tubes composed of protein, have a tendency to stick to surfaces and to others

34
Q

Function of fimbriae

A

adhere to epithelial cells, allowing the cells to invade the tissues

35
Q

Pilus

A

long, less numerous hollow, tubular structures, found in gram negative bacteria and some gram positive bacteria, long pilus tube links the cytoplasm of one bacteria with the cytoplasm of another bacteria of the same species

36
Q

functions of pilus

A

are used to exchange small amounts of circular DNA called plasmids between cells in a process called conjugation

37
Q

where is fimbriae found

A

in E. coli it invades the intestine by clinging to epithelial cells lining the intestines

38
Q

where is pilus found

A

in gram negative and some gram positive bacteria

39
Q

How many chromosomes do bacteria have

A

a single, double stranded, circular piece of DNA

40
Q

How many genes are found in a bacteria

A

3000 to 4000 genes

41
Q

How many genes are found in a human cell

A

25000 to 32000

42
Q

What are plasmids

A

very small circular pieces of DNA that are not essential for bacterial growth and cell maintenance

43
Q

where are plasmids found

A

they are free floating and are not attached to the cell membrane they can however incorporate themselves into a bacterial chromosome on occasion

44
Q

plasmid function

A

can provide information that can be helpful to survival, but not essential: resistance to drugs, production of toxins, and production of enzymes

45
Q

70S ribosomes

A

the only true organelle found within a prokaryotic cell, 15,000 are found in the protoplasm of the cell

46
Q

Macromolecule composition

A

ribosomal RNA-60% and proteins- 40%

47
Q

Are prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells the same

A

no prokaryotic cells have 30s subunit, 50s subunit=70s and eukaryotic has 40s subunit, 60s subunit=80s

48
Q

70s ribosome function

A

are used for protein synthesis

49
Q

cytoplasmic inclusions

A

are small, membrane bound structures that will contain various substances they contain energy rich organic substances– produced in times of plenty and used when the environment is low in energy sources and contains gases used in buoyancy and floatation

50
Q

Granules

A

areas within a cell that contains inorganic crystals, but are not membrane bound

51
Q

granules function

A

stores important resources that are essential elements(sulfur, phosphorous) in building macromoleculs

52
Q

Who produces endospores

A

only some gram-positive rods will produce, Bacillus and Clostridium

53
Q

When are endospores produced

A

when conditions become unfavorable for further bacterial growth and the survival of the bacteria is in question

54
Q

What is an endospore

A

is a small, protected, dormant bacteria that will germinate under favorable growth conditions into a new bacterial cell. It cannot divide or degrade compounds for energy or synthesize cell components until it has germinated into a new bacterial cell. It is genetically identical to the cell that produced it

55
Q

Spore coat

A

this outer layer provides a nearly impervious barrier to many chemicals

56
Q

cortex

A

this middle layer contains many calcium salts and dipicolinic acid this layer keeps the core very dry it prevents water from reaching core

57
Q

core

A

this is the innermost layer contains the bacterial chromosome

Biology 111 Chapter 3 (1 decks)

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