Chapter 3

Question 1

Either/Or

Answer 1

speaker presents 2 extreme options as the only possible choice

Question 2

Division Fallacy

Answer 2

true for whole must be true for every individual

Question 3

Guilt by association

Answer 3

someone connects a person from the other side to a demonized group to discredit

Question 4

Circular reasoning

Answer 4

point being argued is dependent on the conclusion, therefore there is no real evidence

Question 5

Ad hominem

Answer 5

attacking the speaker, not the argument

Question 6

Bulverism

Answer 6

assumption + assertion that an argument is flawed because of suspected motives, social identity, or other characteristics of arguer

Question 7

Ad populum

Answer 7

“everyone is doing it” (bandwagon)

Question 8

Appeal to false authority

Answer 8

someone with no expertise is cited as an authority

Question 9

Hasty generalization

Answer 9

fallacy in which there is not enough evidence to support

Question 10

Post hoc

Answer 10

incorrect to assume something is a cause just because it happened earlier

Question 11

Gambler’s fallacy

Answer 11

belief that random event is more or less likely to happen based on results of a previous event

Question 12

Genetic fallacy

Answer 12

judging something as either good or bad based on where it comes from

Question 13

Composition

Answer 13

true for whole because it’s true for parts

Question 14

Faulty analogy

Answer 14

comparing 2 things that aren’t comparable

Question 15

First hand evidence

Answer 15

something you KNOW (personal experience, anecdotes)

Question 16

Second hand evidence

Answer 16

accessed through research, reading, + investigation

Question 17

Quantitative evidence

Answer 17

can be represented through numbers

Question 18

Claim of fact

Answer 18

asserts that something is true or not true

Question 19

Claim of value

Answer 19

argues good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable

Question 20

Claim of policy

Answer 20

proposes a change

Question 21

Argument

Answer 21

a process of reasoned inquiry, claim to conclusion

Question 22

Deduction

Answer 22

logical process where one reaches a conclusion by starting with a major premise and applying it to a minor premise

Question 23

Induction

Answer 23

reasons from particulars to universals

Question 24

Claim

Answer 24

states argument’s main idea or position

Question 25

Syllogism

Answer 25

logical premise that uses the major and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion

Question 26

Introduction

Answer 26

introduces reader to subject under discussion

Question 27

Narration

Answer 27

provides factual info + background or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing

Question 28

Refutation

Answer 28

addresses counterargument, bridge between proof + conclusion

Question 29

Conclusion

Answer 29

brings essay to a satisfying close

Question 30

Open thesis

Answer 30

doesn’t preview points

Question 31

Closed thesis

Answer 31

previews major points