Chapter 3 Flashcards
ceteris paribus
other things being equal
complements
goods that are often used together so that consumption of one good tends to enhance consumption of the other
consumer surplus
the extra benefit consumers receive from buying a good or service, measured by what the individuals would have been willing to pay minus the amount they actually paid
deadweight loss
the loss in social surplus that occurs when a market produces an inefficient quantity
demand
the relationship between price and the quantity demanded of a certain good or service
demand curve
a graphic representation of the relationship between price and quantity demanded or a certain good or service, with quantity on the horizontal axis and the price on the vertical axis
demand schedule
a table that shows a range of prices for a certain good or service and the quantity demanded at each price
economic surplus
(same as social surplus) the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus
equilibrium
the situation where quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied; the combination of price and quantity where there is no economic pressure from surpluses or shortages that would cause price or quantity to change
equilibrium price
the price where quantity demanded is equal to quantity supplied
equilibrium quantity
the quantity at which quantity demanded and quantity supplied are equal for a certain price level
excess demand
(same as shortage) at the existing price, the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied
excess supply
(same as surplus) at the existing price, quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded
factors of production
(same as inputs) the resources such as labor, materials, and machinery that are used to produce goods and services
inferior good
a good in which the quantity demanded falls as income rises, and in which quantity demanded rises and income falls
inputs
(same as factors of production) the resources such as labor, materials, and machinery that are used to produce goods and services
law of demand
the common relationship that a higher price leads to a lower quantity demanded of a certain good or service and a lower price leads to a higher quantity demanded, while all other variables are held constant
law of supply
the common relationship that a higher price leads to a lower quantity demanded of a certain good or service and a lower price leads to a higher quantity demanded, while all other variables are held constant
normal good
a good in which the quantity demanded rises as income rises, and in which quantity demanded falls as income falls
price
what a buyer pays for a unit of the specific good or service
price ceiling
a legal maximum price
price control
government laws to regulate prices instead of letting market forces determine prices
price floor
a legal minimum price
producer surplus
the extra benefit producers receive from selling a good or service, measured by the price the producer actually received minus the price the producer would have been willing to accept
