Chapter 3

Question 1

Argot

Answer 1

Specialized language used by members of a group or subculture

Question 2

Bilingualism

Answer 2

The use of two languages in a particular setting, such as the workplace or schoolroom, treating each language as equally legitimate

Question 3

Counterculture

Answer 3

A subculture that deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture

Question 4

Cultural capital

Answer 4

Noneconomic goods, such as family background and education, which are reflected in a knowledge of language and the arts

Question 5

Cultural relativism

Answer 5

The viewing of people’s behavior from the perspective of their own culture

Question 6

Cultural universal

Answer 6

A common practice or belief found in every culture

Question 7

Culture

Answer 7

The totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior

Question 8

Culture lag

Answer 8

A period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions

Question 9

Culture shock

Answer 9

The feeling of surprise and disorientation that people experience when they encounter cultural practices that are different from their own

Question 10

Diffusion

Answer 10

The process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society

Question 11

Discovery

Answer 11

The process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality

Question 12

Dominant ideology

Answer 12

A set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests

Question 13

Ethnocentrism

Answer 13

The tendency to assume that one’s own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others

Question 14

Folkway

Answer 14

A norm governing everyday behavior whose violation raises comparatively little concern

Question 15

Formal norm

Answer 15

A norm that has been written down and that specifies strict punishments for violators

Question 16

Informal norm

Answer 16

A norm that is generally understood but not precisely recorded

Question 17

Innovation

Answer 17

The process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture through discovery or invention

Question 18

Invention

Answer 18

The combination of existing cultural items into a form that did not exist before

Question 19

Language

Answer 19

An abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture; includes gestures and other nonverbal communication

Question 20

Law

Answer 20

Governmental social control

Question 21

McDonaldization

Answer 21

The process by which the principles of bureaucratization have increasingly shaped organizations worldwide

Question 22

Material culture

Answer 22

The physical or technological aspects of our daily lives

Question 23

Mores

Answer 23

Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society

Question 24

Nonmaterial culture

Answer 24

Ways of using material objects, as well as customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments, and patters of communication

Question 25

Nonverbal communication

Answer 25

The sending of messages through the use of gestures, facial expressions, and postures

Question 26

Norm

Answer 26

An established standard of behavior maintained by a society

Question 27

Sanction

Answer 27

A penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm

Question 28

Society

Answer 28

A fairly large number of people who live in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside their area, and participate in a common culture

Question 29

Sociobiology

Answer 29

The systematic study of how biology affects human social behavior

Question 30

Subculture

Answer 30

A segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of customs, rules, and traditions that differs from the pattern of the larger society

Question 31

Symbol

Answer 31

A gesture, object, or word that forms the basis of human communication

Question 32

Technology

Answer 32

Cultural information about the ways in which the material resources of the environment may be used to satisfy human needs and desires

Question 33

Value

Answer 33

A collective conception of what is considered good, desirable, and proper - or bad, undesirable, and improper - in a culture