Chapter 3

Question 1

Ernst Haeckel

Answer 1

19th-century scientist, developed the concept of ecology

Question 2

Ecology

Answer 2

study of systems that include interactions among organisms and organisms and their nonliving environment

Question 3

Biotic

Answer 3

living environment (all organisms)

Question 4

Abiotic

Answer 4

nonliving/physical environment (living space, temp., sunlight, soil, wind, precipitation)

Question 5

Population

Answer 5

group of same species that live in the same area at the same time

Question 6

Community

Answer 6

all different species that live and interact within an area at the same time naturally

Question 7

Ecosystem

Answer 7

a community and its surrounding environment

Question 8

Landscape

Answer 8

place that has many interacting ecosystems

Question 9

Biome

Answer 9

large community of different organisms occupying a large habitat

Question 10

Biosphere

Answer 10

parts of the earth’s atmosphere (ocean,land surface,soil) that contain all living organisms

Question 11

Atmosphere

Answer 11

gaseous envelope surrounding Earth

Question 12

Hydrosphere

Answer 12

Earth’s water

Question 13

Lithosphere

Answer 13

soil/rock of Earth’s crust

Question 14

Energy

Answer 14

capacity or ability to do work

Question 15

Chemical (form of energy)

Answer 15

energy stored in bonds of molecules

Question 16

Radiant (form of energy)

Answer 16

energy transmitted as electromagnetic waves

Question 17

Thermal (form of energy)

Answer 17

heat that flows from a higher temperature object to a lower temperature object

Question 18

Mechanical (form of energy)

Answer 18

energy in the movement of matter

Question 19

Nuclear (form of energy)

Answer 19

converted atomic nuclei

Question 20

Electrical (form of energy)

Answer 20

energy that flows as stored particles

Question 21

Sound (form of energy)

Answer 21

energy that travels as sound waves

Question 22

Potential energy

Answer 22

stored energy

Question 23

Kinetic energy

Answer 23

energy of motion

Question 24

Closed system

Answer 24

self-contained and isolated does not exchange energy with its surroundings (ex. thermos bottle)

Question 25

Open system

Answer 25

exchanges energy with its surroundings (ex. Earth)

Question 26

Thermodynamics

Answer 26

laws about energy-1st and 2nd laws apply to all things in the universe

Question 27

First law of thermodynamics

Answer 27

energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can change from one form to another

Question 28

Second law of thermodynamics

Answer 28

converted from one form to another some of it is changed to heat and can't be reused

Question 29

Entropy

Answer 29

measure of the disorder or randomness-organized energy, low entropy -disorganized energy, high entropy

Question 30

Photosynthesis

Answer 30

biological process in which light energy from the sun is captured and transformed into chemical energy of carbohydrate molecules

Question 31

Aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 31

makes the chemical energy stored in glucose available to the cell for biological work

Question 32

Hydrothermal vents

Answer 32

on the floor of the ocean seawater has penetrated/been heated by hot rocks below-ecosystem can exist

Question 33

Chemosynthesis

Answer 33

obtaining energy and making carbohydrate molecules from inorganic raw materials- produce sulfur, provide energy to support organisms without photosynthesis

Question 34

Condition of energy

Answer 34

forms of energy (potential or kinetic)

Question 35

Energy flow

Answer 35

passage of energy in a one-way direction through an ecosystem

Question 36

Producers/Autotrophs

Answer 36

manufacture their own energy- glucose

Question 37

Consumers/Heterotrophs

Answer 37

eat other organisms to get their energy

Question 38

Primary (1st level) Consumers/Herbivores

Answer 38

Eat producers- do not eat other consumers -only eat plants

Question 39

Secondary (2nd level) and above Consumers/Carnivores

Answer 39

eat primary consumers -don't eat plants only animals

Question 40

Omnivores

Answer 40

is a primary and secondary consumer eats producers and primary consumers

Question 41

Hippo-Talapia Connection

Answer 41

Hippo's feces is nutrients for algae with feeds larvae and worms which the talapia eat - food chain is being disrupted because hippos population is declining

Question 42

Detritivores

Answer 42

(detritus feeders) consume organic matter-anything dead

Question 43

Decomposers

Answer 43

(saprotrophs) break down dead organic material and use it to supply themselves

Question 44

Food Chain/Web

Answer 44

energy from one organism is transferred to the next- food web is 2 or more food chains that are connected

Question 45

Trophic level

Answer 45

organisms position in a food chain determined by its feeding relationships

Question 46

Krill

Answer 46

herbivores- shrimp like- eat marine algae

Question 47

Causes for collapse of Antarctic Food Web

Answer 47

whaling has caused the whales to have lower population so there was more krill for other animals which meant their population increased

Question 48

Ecological pyramids

Answer 48

graphically represent the relative energy values of each trophic level (of numbers, biomass, energy)

Question 49

Ecological pyramid of Biomass

Answer 49

total biomass at each trophic level (biomass is a quantitative estimate of total mass, amount or living material) amount of fixed energy at a particular time

Question 50

Ecological pyramid of Energy

Answer 50

Energy content of the biomass of each trophic level-have large energy bases get progressively smaller through succeeding trophic levels- shows that most energy dissipates into the environment

Question 51

Ecological pyramid of Numbers

Answer 51

shows the number of organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem (least useful of the types of ecological pyramids)

Question 52

Gross primary productivity (GPP)

Answer 52

The total amount of photosynthetic energy that plants capture and assimilate in a given period

Question 53

Net primary productivity (NPP)

Answer 53

Productivity after respiration losses are subtracted

Question 54

Gross primary productivity (GPS)

Answer 54

Gross and net primary productivities are referred to as primary because plants occupy the first trophic level in good webs

Question 55

Net secondary productivity (NSP)

Answer 55

Any energy that remains is used for growth and for production of young

Question 56

Vitousek and Rojstaczer's research

Answer 56

Calculated how much of the global NPP is appropriated for humans and not transferred to other organisms. (32% of the land based annual NPP is for humans)