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Chapter 3 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How we can interrupted transmissiono of fecal-oral?

A

proper disposal of sewage
disinfection of drinking water
proper food preparation and storage

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2
Q

Why we have a few M.O in the stomach and small intestine?

A

Because of hydrochloric acid that prudence in stomach
rapid
movement of food through the small intestine,

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3
Q

Mention the types of antimicrobial that found in the small intestine?

A

Antimicrobial defenses granule-filled cells called Paneth cells.
Antimicrobial proteins called defenses
antibacterial enzyme
lysozyme.

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4
Q

What is the cariogenic of dental plaques?

A

S.mutans a gram positive

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5
Q

S. mutans is capable of ?

A

metabolizing a wide range of
carbohydrates, tolerates a high level of acidity, and synthesizes
dextran, a gummy polysaccharide of glucose molecules that is
an important factor in the formation of dental plaque

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6
Q

What is the bacterial population of plaque

A

may harbor over 400
bacterial species but is predominantly streptococci and
filamentous members of the genus Actinomy

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7
Q

What is Periodontal Disease

A

Inflammation and degeneration of structures

that support the teeth.

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8
Q

What Periodontal Disease includes ?

A

Gingivitis

Periodontitis:

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9
Q

What is the gingivitis?

A

infection is restricted to the gums,

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10
Q

What is the Periodontitis?

A

chronic condition of Gingivitis.

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11
Q

Mention types of digestive system diseases?

A

Infections and Intoxications

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12
Q

Definition of Infections?

A

pathogen enters the GI tract and multiplies

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13
Q

Definition of intoxication?

A

the ingestion of toxin

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14
Q

What is the most bacteria cause intoxication?

A

Staphylococcus aureus.

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15
Q

What are infections and intoxications cause ?

A

diarrhea,

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16
Q

What is the dysentery?

A

diarrhea accompanied by blood or mucus

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17
Q

What is gastroenteritis?

A

diseases causing

inflammation of the stomach and intestinal mucosa.

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18
Q

Mention the types of digestive system disease?

A

Infections and Intoxications

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19
Q

Explain Infections and Intoxications

A

Infection occurs when a pathogen enters the GI tract and multiplies
Intoxication is caused by the ingestion of toxin.

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20
Q

Most intoxications are caused by?

A

Staphylococcus aureus.

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21
Q

What are infections and intoxications cause ?

A

cause diarrhea,

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22
Q

What is the dysentery. ?

A

Diarrhea with blood or mucus

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23
Q

What is the gastroenteritis ?

A

diseases causing inflammation of the stomach and intestinal mucosa.

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24
Q

What is the leading cause of gastroenteritis?

A

staphylococcal food poisoning,

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25
Q

How intoxication caused ?

A

by ingesting an enterotoxin produced by S. aureus.

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26
Q

Mention the symptoms of(Staphylococcal Enterotoxicosis)
?

A

,nausea, vomiting and diarrhea begins after 1-6 hrs after eating and lasting
for 24 hrs

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27
Q

What amebic dysentery infect?

A

human only.

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28
Q

Shigellosis, also known as

A

Bacillary Dysentery

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29
Q

The toxin in Shigellosis known as?

A

Shiga toxin

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30
Q

What is the primary site of Shigellosis ?
Where is Shigellosis proliferate to immense numbers ?
Bacteria attach to?

A

They proliferate to immense numbers in the small intestine, but
the primary site of disease is the large intestine. There, the
bacteria attach to epithelial M cells

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31
Q

What is the Treatment for Shigellosis ?

A

1- rehydration

2- Fluoroquinolon (ciprofloxacin) which eliminates gut excretion

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32
Q

What is the first invade for Salmonella?

A

intestinal mucosa and multiply there.

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33
Q

How does Salmonella get to the lymphatic and

cardiovascular systems?

A

manage to pass
through the intestinal mucosa at M
cells to enter the lymphatic and
cardiovascular systems,

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34
Q

Salmonella infects :

A

animals and human

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35
Q

Are the Antibiotic therapy and rehydration effects salmonella ?

A

Antibiotic therapy is not useful, only

rehydration are required

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36
Q

Salmonella cause?

A

toxemia and

bloodstream infection may occur

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37
Q

What is the Treatment of salmonellosis?

A

Ciprofloxacin and Trimethoprim

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38
Q

Ciprofloxacin is used as treatment for ?

A

Salmonellosis

Shigellosis

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39
Q

The bacterial disease typhoid fever caused by ?

A

The most virulent serotype of Salmonella, S. typhi

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40
Q

pathogen of Typhoid Fever found in ?

A

it’s spread only in the feces of other humans.

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41
Q

Can phagocytic cells destroyed S. typhi and why ?

A

No because S.typhi multiply within them and are disseminated into multiple organs, especially the spleen and liver

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42
Q

What is the symptoms for typhoid Fever?

A

high fever of about 40°C and continual headache.

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43
Q

What is the Treatment for typhoid Fever?

A

❖ceftriaxone (third-generation cephalosporin) or azithromycin.

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44
Q

What is The causative agent of cholera?

A

Vibrio cholera

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45
Q

Where is the cholera bacilli grow and produce what?

A

Cholera bacilli grow in the small intestine and produce an exotoxin.

46
Q

What is the effect of cholera exotoxin on the host cells 🤔 🤔

A

That causes host cells to secrete water and electrolytes, especially potassium.

47
Q

What is the rice water stools?

A

watery stools containing masses of intestinal mucus and epithelial cells

48
Q

How many litters or gallons of fluid we lost?

A

12-30 liters or 3-5 gallons.

49
Q

What is the Treatment for cholera ?

A
  1. Replacement of fluids and electrolytes losses

2. Tetracycline effective in eliminating the vibrio from the bowel

50
Q

What is the most causative agent for Noncholera Vibrios
?

A

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

51
Q

Vibrio parahaemolyticus found in🤔🤔

A

Raw oysters and crustaceans, such as shrimp and crabs.

52
Q

Example of crustaceans,? 🤔

A

shrimp and crabs.

53
Q

Mention the location that effected by e.coli toxin?

A

intestinal epithelial cells
urinary tract
bloodstream
central nervous system

54
Q

What are the pathotypes of e.coli

A
  1. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)
  2. Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)
  3. Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)
  4. Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
  5. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
55
Q

EPEC major cause for?

A

diarrhea in developing countries and is potentially fatal in infants

56
Q

Talk about EIEC .

EIEC has the same pathogen mechanism for ?

A

is generally agreed to be almost synonymous with

Shigella—it has the same pathogenic mechanisms.

57
Q

EAEC it is and where it is found?

A

group of coliforms found only in humans

58
Q

EHEC produce ?

A

Shiga-like toxin.

59
Q

ETEC secret ?

Secretion cause

A

secrets enterotoxins that cause diarrhea

60
Q

The common bacteria cause Traveler’s Diarrhea

A

ETEC and EAEC

61
Q

Traveler’s diarrhea can also be caused by other gastrointestinal pathogens,
such as

A
  • Salmonella,
  • Shigella
  • Campylobacter
62
Q

What are the various that cause Traveler’s Diarrhea?

A

viruses, and protozoan parasites.

63
Q

Talk about Campylobacter and what is cause ?

A

are gram-negative, microaerophilic, spirally curved bacteria that have emerged as the leading cause of tenesmus diarrhea.

64
Q

Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter Gastroenteritis) caused by ?

A

Caused by C. jejuni.

65
Q

How can we protect ourselves from Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter Gastroenteritis
)

A

thoroughly cooking chicken and pasteurizing milk.

66
Q

Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter Gastroenteritis) transmitted by?

A

Usually transmitted in cow’s milk

67
Q

What is the Treatment of Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter Gastroenteritis)?

A

Treated with azithromycin or erythromycin

68
Q

Azithromycin is used as Treatment for ?

A

1-Typhoid Fever

2-Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter Gastroenteritis)

69
Q

What is the responsible for most cases of peptic ulcer disease?

A

• Helicobacter

70
Q

H. pylori can grow in

A

highly acidic environment of the stomach

71
Q

What does H.pylori produce?

A

large amounts of urease

72
Q

What is the effect of large amounts of urease?

A

converts urea to the alkaline compound ammonia.

73
Q

What is the result of converts urea to the alkaline compound ammonia?

A

resulting in a locally high pH in the area of

growth

74
Q

Treatment of Helicobacter Peptic Ulcer Disease

A

Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-BismolR) well as proton pump inhibitor

75
Q

The most common food Poisoning is?

A

Clostridium perfringens

76
Q

Talk about Clostridium perfringens.

A

It is a large, gram-positive, endospore-forming, obligate anaerobic rod.

77
Q

Clostridium perfringens responsible for, what ?

A

human gas gangrene

78
Q

Where is the microbe in Clostridium perfringens Gastroenteritis grow? And what is produce ? What is the effect of the product?

A

The microbe grows in the intestinal tract and produces an exotoxin that
causes the typical symptoms of abdominal pain and diarrhea.

79
Q

Infections treatment could be with (in Clostridium difficile–Associated Diarrhea)

A

Infections treatment could be with vancomycin although recurrence is
common

80
Q

What are the targets of the mumps virus and why?

A

parotid glands,Because the parotids are one of the three pairs of salivary glands of the digestive system,

81
Q

An infected person is most infective to others in ?

A

during the first 48 hours

before clinical symptoms appear.

82
Q

How did the various arrive to the salivary glands?

A

begun to multiply in the respiratory tract and local

lymph nodes in the neck, they reach the salivary glands via the blood.

83
Q

What is the Treatment for Mumps

A

attenuated live vaccine is available and is often administered
as part of the trivalent measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine

84
Q

Mention the bacteria or OT factors that cause Hepatitis?

A

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Drug and chemical toxicity can also cause acute hepatitis that is clinically
identical to viral hepatitis

85
Q

What are the results of Drug and chemical toxicity?

A

can also cause acute hepatitis that is clinically identical to viral hepatitis.

86
Q

1)Which type of hepatitis do not cause chronic disease and havethe same incubation period?
Which type of hepatitis have ingestion as method of transmission?
2) which type of hepatitis have high mortality for pregnant women?

A

1) HAV and HEV incubation period 2-6 weeks

2) HEV

87
Q

1) Which type of hepatitis have parenteral: sexual contact as method of transmission and mention their incubation period?
2) Which type of hepatitis have parenteral as method of transmission and mention their incubation period?
3) which type of hepatitis have parenteral:requires coinfection with HBV as method of transmission and mention their incubation period?
4) Mention the types of the hepatitis that cause chronic diseases?

A

1) HBV 4-26 weeks
2) HCV 2-22 weeks
3) HDV 6-26 weeks
4) HBV/HCV/HDV

88
Q

1) What is the symptoms of hepatitis A ?
2) What is the symptoms of hepatitis B ?
3) What is the symptoms of hepatitis C ?
4) What is the symptoms of hepatitis D ?
5) What is the symptoms of hepatitis E ?

A

1) Fever/headache/malaise/ jaundice
2) same HAV and liver damage without headache
3) same HAV
4) liver damage and high mortality
5) same HAV

89
Q

What is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis, especially in
children (rota = wheel)?

A

Rotavirus

90
Q

1) What is the pathogen and symptoms and incubation period for mumps?
2) What is the pathogen and symptoms and incubation period for viral Gastroenteritis?

A

1)Mumps virus paramyxoviridae /painful swelling of parotid glands /16-18day.
2) rotavirus/vomiting diarrhea for 1 week /1-3 day
Norovirus / vomiting and diarrhea 2-3/18-48 hrs

91
Q

What are the mycotoxins produced and what is cause ?

A

fungi cause blood diseases, nervous system disorders, kidney damage, liver damage, and even cancer

92
Q

ergot poisoning caused by ?

A

Claviceps purpurea fungus causing smut infections on grain crops

93
Q

What is the effect of ergot poisoning and the results?

A

The toxin can restrict blood flow in the limbs, resulting with gangrene.

94
Q

hallucinogenic symptoms producing?

A

bizarre behavior similar to that caused by LSD.

95
Q

Aflatoxin is a mycotoxin produced by?

A

the fungus Aspergillus flavus common mold and found in peanuts.

96
Q

What is the pathogen for 1)ergot poisoning 2)Aflatoxin poisoning?

A

1) Claviceps purpurea

2) Aspergillus flavus,

97
Q

What are the symptoms for 1)Claviceps purpurea 2)Aspergillus flavus ?

A

1) restrict blood flow in the limbs

2) liver cancer/ liver cirrhosis

98
Q

Mention the host for 1) Claviceps purpurea 2)Aspergillus flavus ?

A

1) grain crops

2) food (found on peanuts)

99
Q

What are the pathogens for 1)Giardiasis (flagellated protozoan) 2)Amebic Dysentery (Amoebiasis)?

A

1) Giardia intestinalis

2) Entamoeba histolytica

100
Q

What are the symptoms for 1)Giardiasis 2)Amebic dysentery?

A

1) protozoan adheres to intestinal wall may inhibit nutritional absorption: diarrhea
2) Amebic lyses epithelial cells in intestine causes abscesses significant mortality rate

101
Q

Mention the host for 1)Giardiasis 2 )Amebic dysentery?

A

1) water mammals

2) Humans

102
Q

What are the Platyhelminthes?

A

Tapeworms : Hydatid Disease (Echinococcus granulosus)

103
Q

What are the Nematodes (mention)?

A 
❖ Pinworms 
❖ Hookworms 
❖ Whipworm (Trichuris trichiura)
❖ Ascariasis 
❖ Trichinellosis
104
Q

What are the symptoms for 1) tapeworms 2) hydatid disease?

A

1) Adult cause few symptoms pork tapeworms larvae may encyst in many organs and cause damage 💔 😢
2) larvae form in body may be very large and cause damage

105
Q

What are the intermediate and definitive host for 1) tapeworms 2) Amebic dysentery?

A

1) human,cattle,pigs,fish / human

2) human,sheep / dogs

106
Q

What are the pathogens,symptoms and host (intermediate!,definitive) for pinworms ?

A

Enterobius/ itching around anus/ both human

107
Q

What are the pathogens,symptoms and host (intermediate!,definitive) for hookworms ?

A

Necator americanus, Ancyclostoma duodenale/ Large infections may result in anemia/ larvae enter skin form soil , humans

108
Q

What are the pathogens,symptoms and host (intermediate!,definitive) for Ascariasis ?

A

Ascaris lumbricoides / helminths live off undigested intestinal contacts cause few symptoms/ human

109
Q

What are the pathogens,symptoms and host (intermediate!,definitive) for Whitworth?

A

Trichuris trichura/diarrhea malnutrition/both human

110
Q

What are the pathogens,symptoms and host (intermediate!,definitive) for trichinellosis ?

A

Trichinella spiralis, T.nativa / larvae encyst in striated muscle; usually few symptoms but large damage may be fatal/ both mammals ( including humans)

Chapter 3 (1 decks)

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