Chapter 3 Flashcards
Penitentiary
An institution intended to isolate prisoners from society and from one another so that they could reflect on their past misleads, repent, and thus undergo reformation.
William Penn (1644-1718)
English Quaker who arrived in Philadelphia in 1682. Succeeded in getting Pennsylvania to adopt “The Great Law” emphasizing hard labor in a house of corrections as punishment for most crimes.
Benjamin rush
Physician, patriot, signer of the Declaration of Independence, and social reformer, Rush advocated the penitentiary as a replacement for capital and corporal punishment.
Deprecate confinement
A penitentiary system developed in Pennsylvania in which each inmate who held in isolation from other inmates, with all activities, including craft work, carried on in the cells
Elam lynds (1784-1855)
A former army officer, Lynds was appointed warden of the newly opened Auburn prison in 1821. He developed the congregate system and a regimen of strict discipline. Inmates where known only by their number, wore stripped clothing, and moved in lockstep. In 1825 he was commissioned to oversee construction with inmate labor of Ossining (Sing Sing), New York.
Congregate system
A penitentiary system developed in Auburn, New York, in which inmates where held in isolation at night but worked with other prisoners during the day under a rule of silence.
Contract labor system
A system under which inmate’ labor was sold on a contractual basis to private employers that provided the machinery and raw materials with other prisoners during the day under the rules of silence.
Contract labor system
A system under which inmates’ labor was sold on a contractual basis to private employers that provided the machinery and raw materials with which inmates made salable products in the institution.
Lease system
A system under which inmates were leased to contractors who provided prisoners with food and clothing in exchange for their labor. In southern states the prisoners were used as field laborers.
Enoch Cobb Wines (1806-1876)
A guiding force of U.S. corrections starting in 1862, when he became the secretary of the New York Prison Association and served so until his death. Organizer of the National Prison Association in 1870 and a major contributor to the Cincinnati Declaration of Principles.
Mark system
A system in which offenders are assessed a certain number of marks, based on the see verity of their crime, at the time of sentencing. Prisoners could reduce their term and gain release by reducing marks through labor, good behavior, and educational achievement
Zebulon Brockway (1827-1920)
Reformer who began his career in penology as a clerk in Connecticut’s Wethersfield prison at age 21. In 1854, while superintendent of the Monroe County Penitentiary in Rochester, New York, he began to experiment with ideas on making prisons more rehabilitative. He put his theories to work as the superintendent at Elmira State Reformatory, New York, in 1876, retiring from that institution in 1900.
Positivist school
An approach to criminology and other social sciences based on the assumption that human behavior is a product of biological, and social factors and that the scientific method can be applied to ascertain the causes of individual behavior.
Medical model
A model of corrections based in the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by social, psychological, or biological deficiencies that require treatment.
Howard Gill (1890-1989)
A prison reformer in the progressive tradition, Gill designed Massachusetts’s Norfolk Prison Colony to be a model prison community. Norfolk provider individual treatment programs individual treatment programs and included inmates on an advisory council to deal with community governance.
