Chapter 3

Question 1

Which carbon do the nitrogenous bases attach to?

Answer 1

1’

Question 2

Which carbon do the phosphate groups attach to?

Answer 2

5’

Question 3

Phosphodiester Bond

Answer 3

the chemical linkages between nucleotides

Question 4

What gives DNA its polarity?

Answer 4

phosphodiester bonds

-one end differs from other

Question 5

How many base pairs are there in a complete turn?

Answer 5

10

Question 6

central dogma

Answer 6

the usual flow of genetic info in a cell is from DNA to RNA to protein
-DNA –> Transcription –> Translation

Question 7

Differences of RNA and DNA

Answer 7

1.  RNA sugar = ribose
    DNA sugar = deoxyribose
2. Uracil in RNA
    Thymine in DNA
3. RNA molecules are shorter than DNA 
4. RNA is single stranded / DNA is double stranded

Question 8

RNA World Hypothesis

Answer 8

RNA was the original info-storage molecule

Question 9

RNA Transcript

Answer 9

complementary to the template according to base pairing rules

Question 10

RNA Polymerase

Answer 10

enzyme that carries out polymerization

-adds successive nucleotides to the 3’ end of the growing transcript

Question 11

nontemplate strand

Answer 11

not transcribed by RNA

Question 12

Intiation

Answer 12

• First stage of transcription

- RNA polymerase and other proteins are attracted to DNA, DNA strands are separated, and transcription begins

Question 13

Elongation

Answer 13

• Second stage of transcription

- Successive nucleotides are added to the 3’ end of the RNA transcript as RNA polymerase proceeds along template strand

Question 14

Termination

Answer 14

• Third stage of transcription
• RNA polymerase encounters a sequence in the template that causes transcription to stop and the RNA transcript to be released

Question 15

Direction and growth of RNA transcript

Answer 15

5’ to 3’

Question 16

TATA Box

Answer 16

common promoter sequence

Question 17

Sigma Factor

Answer 17

a protein which associates with RNA polymerase and facilitates binding to specific promoters

Question 18

General Transcription Factors

Answer 18

assemble at the promoter of a gene

-necessary for transcription to occur

Question 19

Transcriptional Activator Protein

Answer 19

each binds to specific DNA sequence known as the enhancer

Question 20

Mediator Complex

Answer 20

recruits the RNA polymerase complex to the promoter

Question 21

Primary Transcript

Answer 21

the RNA transcript that comes off the template DNA

-for protein making: includes info needed to direct ribosome to produce the protein corresponding gene

Question 22

mRNA

Answer 22

RNA molecule that combines with the ribosome to direct protein synthesis
-carries the genetic “message” from DNA to ribosome

Question 23

Polycistronic mRNA

Answer 23

molecules of mRNA that code for multiple proteins

Question 24

RNA processing

Answer 24

complex chemical modifications of the primary transcript