Chapter 29 - Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Question 1

Algae -

Answer 1

photosynthetic protists

Question 2

Charophytes -

Answer 2

green algae that is the closest relatives of plants

Question 3

Plants are -

Answer 3

multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs

Question 4

Sporopollenin -

Answer 4

a layer of a durable polymer prevents exposed zygotes from drying out in charophytes

Question 5

Benefits of plants moving onto land:

Answer 5

sunlight was unfiltered by water and plankton; atmosphere has more plentiful carbon dioxide than water; and the soil by water’s edge is rich in some mineral nutrients.

Question 6

Challenges of plants moving onto land:

Answer 6

a relative scarcity of water and a lack of structural support against gravity.

Question 7

Traits that are found in plants but not in charophyte algae:

Answer 7

Alternation of generations, Walled spores produced in sporangia, Apical meristems

Question 8

Apical meristems -

Answer 8

a localized region of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots, divide throughout the plant’s life, enabling its roots and shoots to elongate, thus increasing the plant’s exposure to environmental resources

Question 9

Cuticle -

Answer 9

covering of the epidermis which consists of wax and other polymers to help in waterproofing aka helping prevent excessive water loss from the aboveground plant organs, while also providing some protection from microbial attack

Question 10

Stomata -

Answer 10

specialized pores which support photosynthesis by allowing the exchange of and between the outside air and the plant

Question 11

Vascular tissue -

Answer 11

cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body

Question 12

Vascular plants -

Answer 12

plants that have a complex vascular tissue system

Question 13

“Nonvascular” plants -

Answer 13

plants that do not have an extensive transport system (informally called bryophytes)

Question 14

Examples of “nonvascular” plants:

Answer 14

liverworts, mosses, and hornworts

Question 15

Lycophytes clade -

Answer 15

the club mosses and their relatives, lack seeds

Question 16

Monilophytes clade -

Answer 16

ferns and their relatives, lack seeds

Question 17

Informally called seedless vascular plants:

Answer 17

The plants in each of these clades (Monilophytes and Lycophytes) lack seeds

Question 18

A seed -

Answer 18

an embryo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat

Question 19

Gymnosperms -

Answer 19

known as “naked seed” plants because their seeds are not enclosed in chambers (think conifers)

Question 20

Angiosperms -

Answer 20

all flowering plants; their seeds develop inside chambers that originate within flowers

Question 21

The nonvascular plants (bryophytes) are represented today by three phyla of small, herbaceous (nonwoody) plants:

Answer 21

liverworts (phylum Hepatophyta), mosses (phylum Bryophyta), and hornworts (phylum Anthocerophyta)

Question 22

Protonema -

Answer 22

a mass of green, branched, one-cell-thick filaments that has a large surface area that enhances absorption of water and minerals that germinating moss spores produce

Question 23

Rhizoids -

Answer 23

anchors for gametophytes which are long, tubular single cells (in liverworts and hornworts) or filaments of cells (in mosses), these lack specialized conducting cells and do not play a primary role in water and mineral absorption

Question 24

Gametangia -

Answer 24

multicellular structures that produce gametes and are covered by protective tissue

Question 25

Antheridia -

Answer 25

male gametangia

Question 26

Archegonia -

Answer 26

female gametangia

Question 27

Bryophyte sporophytes cannot live independently:

Answer 27

A bryophyte sporophyte remains attached to its parental gametophyte throughout the sporophyte’s lifetime, dependent on the gametophyte for supplies of sugars, amino acids, minerals, and water.

Question 28

A typical bryophyte sporophyte consists of:

Answer 28

a foot, a seta, and a sporangium

Question 29

The foot -

Answer 29

absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte as it is embedded in the archegonium

Question 30

The seta -

Answer 30

the stalk, conducts these materials to the sporangium

Question 31

A capsule -

Answer 31

or the sporangium which produces spores by meiosis

Question 32

The peristome -

Answer 32

a ring of interlocking, tooth-like structures that open under dry conditions and close again when it is moist allowing moss spores to be discharged gradually, via periodic gusts of wind that can carry them long distances

Question 33

Peat

Answer 33

consisting of sphagnum, or peat moss, is a major component of deposits of partially decayed organic material

Question 34

Vascular plants have two types of vascular tissue:

Answer 34

xylem and phloem

Question 35

Xylem -

Answer 35

conducts most of the water and minerals

Question 36

Tracheids -

Answer 36

tube-shaped cells that carry water and minerals up from the roots

Question 37

Roots -

Answer 37

organs that absorb water and nutrients from the soil, anchoring vascular plants to the ground, hence allowing the shoot system to grow taller.

Question 38

Leaves -

Answer 38

structures that serve as the primary photosynthetic organ of vascular plants

Question 39

Microphylls -

Answer 39

all of the lycophytes—and only the lycophytes—have these small, often spine-shaped leaves supported by a single strand of vascular tissue

Question 40

Megaphylls -

Answer 40

leaves with a highly branched vascular system, typically larger than microphylls and therefore support greater photosynthetic productivity

Question 41

Sporophylls -

Answer 41

modified leaves that bear sporangia

Question 42

Homosporous -

Answer 42

having one type of sporophyll bearing one type of sporangium that produces one type of spore, which typically develops into a bisexual gametophyte

Question 43

Heterosporous -

Answer 43

has two types of sporophylls, called megasporophylls and microsporophylls

Question 44

Megaspores -

Answer 44

spores that develop into female gametophytes

Question 45

Microspores -

Answer 45

smaller spores that develop into male gametophytes