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Microbiology > Chapter 29 Multisystem Zoonoses > Flashcards

Chapter 29 Multisystem Zoonoses Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A non-human vertebrate host is the reservoir of infection and humans are involved only incidentally

A

Dead end host

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2
Q

Do multisystem zoonoses infections have human to human transmission?

A

No except for Ebola

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3
Q

An Enveloped, Negative-sense ssRNA virus with 2 RNA strands (____ means ‘sandy’ in Latin—contains ribosomes on genome)

A

Arenavirus

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4
Q 
IN 1962,
Patients developed
Fever
Myalgia
enanthem (internal rash)
capillary leakage
hemorrhage, shock and a neurological illness
mortality rate of 15%
A

Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever

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5
Q

What is the transmission for Bolivian Hemorrhagic fever?

A

DDT spraying for malaria-> DDT in insects eaten by geckos-> eaten by cats-> cats die-> this allows bush mice to thrive-> Machupo virus harmless in mice-> infects humans

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6
Q

In central and east Africa
caused by ___ virus (EBOV) and ____virus
Filoviridae— long filamentous Neg-sense ssRNA viruses

A

Ebola and Marburg Hemorrhagic Fevers

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7
Q

What are the 5 Ebola viruses?

A 
Zaire virus
Sudan virus
Tai Forest virus
Bundibugyo virus
Reston virus -infects primates only
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8
Q

What are the Ebola viruses caused by?

A

Fruit bats

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9
Q

Discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Affects People, monkeys, gorillas and chimpanzees

Transmitted by direct contact with bodily fluids

Enters body through broken skin, mucus membranes in the eye, nose and mouth
Found in semen in men that survived (up to 7 weeks)

A

Ebola virus

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10
Q

Treatment for Ebola

A

Providing fluids and electrolytes (body salts) through infusion into the vein (intravenously).
Offering oxygen therapy to maintain oxygen status.
Using medication to support blood pressure, reduce vomiting and diarrhea and to manage fever and pain.

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11
Q

What is recovery like for Ebola?

A

develop antibodies that can last 10 years, possibly longer. Some survivors may have long-term complications, such as joint and vision problems.

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12
Q

How do you diagnose Ebola?

A

PCR

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13
Q

obligate intracellular, gram-neg. coccobacilli

Primary Reservoir: cattle, sheep, goats

Infection by inhallation of organism from contaminated
sources (placenta, dust in barns, raw milk)

A

Coxiella burnetii

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14
Q

What causes query fever?

A

coxiella burnetii

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15
Q

Bacterium is highly resistant to heat and drying

Killed by pasteurization

Infection: multiplies in lungs; 3-30day incubation period (50% develop symptoms: high fever, headache, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea—treat with antibiotics)
Complication: Chronic phase: endocarditis; Mortality 50% untreated; 5% treated

A

coxiella

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16
Q

aerobic, non-motile,
gram-positive spore forming rod

disease of herbivores such as sheep, goats, cattle and horses, and bacilli are excreted in feces, urine and saliva.

Spores (bacteria) enter body via broken skin and mucus membranes and less commonly the respiratory tract (used as bioterrorism)

A

Anthrax

17
Q

What is anthrax caused by?

A

Bacillus anthracis

18
Q

Bacteria multiply at site of entry, produce anthrax
Toxin, The toxin accumulates: 12-36h a papule
develops, then ulcerates, the center becomes
black and necrotic (eschar)

A

anthrax

19
Q

What is the treatment of anthrax?

A

antibiotics and antitoxin

20
Q

is successfully treated by ciprofloxacin?

A

Cutaneous anthrax

21
Q

treated with combination antimicrobial therapy plus antitoxin.

A

Systemic anthrax

22
Q

ingestion of spores, fever, chills, diarrhea (may be bloody), headache, sore throat, stomach pain
(25-75% death rate)

A

Gastrointestinal anthrax

23
Q

When the spores are inhaled and enter alveolar macrophages, bacterial growth in the lung leads to pulmonary edema and mediastinal hemorrhage, with spread to the blood and subsequent death (up to 80%). (referred to as ‘woolsorter’s disease’)

A

Pulmonary anthrax

24
Q

gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, non-motile rod (with an antiphagocytic capsule)

Reservoir: rodents (rats, mice, gerbils)-mild infection

Spread by fleas

In the 14th century: 25% of Europe’s population died in plague epidemics (about 25 million deaths)

A

plague

25
Q

what causes the plague?

A

yersinia pestis

26
Q

caused by flea bite
Bacteria multiply at site of bite
Spread to local/regional lymph nodes
Produce virulence factors (endotoxin and other toxins)
2-6 days after bite: fever, headache, chills, weakness
Lymph nodes become swollen, painful, tender “Buboes” with hemorrhagic inflamation
Treatment: antibiotics
Death rate: 50% untreated

A

bubonic plague

27
Q

Patients develop fever, chills, extreme weakness, abdominal pain, shock, and possibly bleeding into the skin and other organs. Skin and other tissues may turn black and die, especially on fingers, toes, and the nose. (100% death untreated)

A

septicemic plague

28
Q

Incubaton period: as short as 24h. bacteria replicate in lungs, can spread from person to person via droplets. Fever, headache, weakness, pneumonia (may have bloody or watery mucus). 100% death if untreated

A

pneumonic plague

29
Q

how do you treat the plague?

A

streptomycin

30
Q

aerobic, gram-negative, non-motile, intracellular, coccobacilli

A

Brucella sp

31
Q

infects cows worldwide, but has been eliminated from several resource-rich countries. It causes mild disease in humans.

A

b. abortus

32
Q

infects goats and sheep and is common in Malta and other Mediterranean countries, Mexico and South America. It causes more severe disease in humans.

A

b. melitensis

33
Q

infects pigs in the USA, South America, and SE Asia. It causes severe disease with destructive lesions in humans.

A

b. suis

34
Q

infects dogs and is an uncommon cause of mild disease in humans.

A

b. canis

35
Q

In cows and goats, ____ localize in the placenta, causing abortion, and also in mammary glands (shed for long periods in milk). They are present in uterine discharges, faeces and urine.

A

brucellae

36
Q

occurs when the bacteria enter the body via abrasions in the skin, via the alimentary tract or, most commonly, via the respiratory tract.

Infection is therefore more common in farmers, veterinarians and abattoir workers

Clinical features: bacteria replicate from site of entry move to lymph nodes, travel to blood (septicemic phase), infects liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymphoid tissues) and can survive for prolonged periods.

Symptoms: 2-6 weeks after infection; subclinical or fever, malaise, aching, weakness (undulant fever in some), may develop hepatitis

A

Human brucellosis (undulant fever, Malta fever)

37
Q

Brucellosis symptoms may disappear for weeks or months and then return. In some people, brucellosis becomes chronic, with symptoms persisting for years, even after treatment. Long-term signs and symptoms may include fatigue, recurrent fevers, arthritis, swelling of the heart (endocarditis) and spondylitis — an inflammatory arthritis that affects the spine and adjacent joints.

A

Undulant fever

38
Q

Diagnosis of brucellosis

A

blood culture; antibodies

39
Q

Treatment of brucellosis

A

antibiotics for 6 weeks or maybe months

Microbiology (24 decks)

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