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Biology > Chapter 29: Circulatory System > Flashcards

Chapter 29: Circulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Blood

A

Fluid that the circulatory system transports throughout the body. Carries many substances including glucose and oxygen gas (O2) required in aerobic cellular respiration. Also carries off waste like CO2.

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2
Q

Heart

A

Central pump that keeps the blood moving through the vessels

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3
Q

Open circulatory system

A

Heart pumps fluid through short, open-ended vessels. Vessels lead to open spaces in the body cavity, where the fluid can exchange materials with the body’s cells. Fluid enters other vessels leading back to the heart.

Mollusks and arthropods.

Requires fewer vessels, moves under low pressure.

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4
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

Blood remains within vessels that exchange materials with the fluid surrounding the body’s tissues.

Vertebrates, annelids and cephalopod mollusk.

Blood moves at a higher pressure so nutrient delivery and waste removal occur more rapidly. Can direct blood flow toward and away from specific areas. More efficient.

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5
Q

Fish heart

A

Has two chambers: atrium and ventricle.

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6
Q

Atrium

A

Where blood enters

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7
Q

Ventricle

A

Where blood exits

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8
Q

Circulatory system is divided into two interrelated circuits

A

Pulmonary circulation and systematic circulation

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9
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Blood exchanges gases at the lungs and returns to the heart.

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10
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Blood circulates throughout the rest of the body and back to the heart.

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11
Q

Frog heart

A

Has three chambers: one undivided ventricle and two atrias.

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12
Q

Left atrium vs right atrium

A

Left receives oxygen rich blood from the lungs

Right receives oxygen depleted blood from the rest of the body

Blood from both atria mixes in the ventricles which pumps the blood throughout the body.

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13
Q

Plasma

A

The liquid matrix of blood. Makes up more than half of blood’s volume is 90% to 92% water.

More than 70 types of dissolved proteins make up the largest component of plasma.

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14
Q

Components of blood: a summary

A

Plasma: exchanges water and many dissolved substances with interstitial fluid

Red blood cells: Carry O2

White blood cells: destroy foreign substances, initiate inflammation

Platelets: initiate clotting

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15
Q

Functions of blood: a summary

A

Gas exchange: carries O2 from lungs to tissues; carries CO2 to the lungs to be exhaled

Nutrient transport: carries nutrients absorbed by the digestive system throughout the body

Waste transport: carries urea to the kidneys for excretion in urine

Hormone transport: carries hormones secreted by endocrine glands

Creation of interstitial fluid: Interstitial fluid that surrounds cells originates as blood plasma

Maintain homeostasis: regulates blood pH, regulates cells water content, creates pressure gradient

Protection: blood clots plug damages vessels, white blood cells destroy foreign particles

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16
Q

Blood composition

A

Plasma: 55%= 1% salts, hormones, metabolic wastes, CO2, nutrients and vitamins and 7% proteins

Cells and cell fragments: 45% = red blood cells 95.1%, 4.8% platelets and 0.1% white blood cells

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17
Q

Red blood cells (erythocytes)

A

Saucer-shaped disks packed with the pigment hemoglobin. Originate from stem cells in red bone marrow.

Fill with hemoglobin, but loses nuclei, ribosomes, and mitochondria. Mature cells cannot divide or repair damage.

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18
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Protein that carries O2. Carries 4 iron atoms, each of which can combine with one O2 molecule picked up in the lungs.

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19
Q

Blood type

A

Derives from various carbs and other molecules embedded in the outer membranes of red blood cells. The genes dictating the structures of these molecules may have multiple alleles. each corresponding to a different blood type.

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20
Q

Agglutination

A

A reaction in which the cells clump together. Caused when antibodies are produced against incompatible blood types.

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21
Q

White blood cells (leukocytes)

A

Five types. Immune system cells are larger than red blood cells, retain their nuclei, and lack hemoglobin.

Originates from stem cells in red bone marrow. Most wander in body tissues or settle in the lymphatic system.

Leukemias are cancers in which the bone marrow overproduces white blood cells.

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22
Q

Platelets

A

Small, colorless cell fragments that initiate blood clotting. Travels freely within the vessels.

When a wound nicks a blood vessel, platelets then “catch” on the obstacle and shatter, releasing biochemicals that combine with plasma proteins.

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23
Q

Blood clot

A

A plug of solidified blood. Deficiencies of vitamins C or K can slow clotting and wound health.

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24
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Plasma, cells, platelets that make up blood circulate throughout the body in an elaborate system of blood vessels, thanks to the relentless pumping of the heart.

Cardio= heart; vascular=vessels

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25
Q

Arteries

A

Large vessels that conduct blood away from the heart

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26
Q

Major arteries

A

see page 607

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27
Q

Arterioles

A

Branched from arteries. Smaller vessels than then diverge into a network of capillaries.

28
Q

Capillaries

A

Branched from arterioles. The body’s tiniest blood vessels. Empties into venules.

29
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Liquid that bathes the body’s cells. Exchanges materials with the tissue cells.

30
Q

Venules

A

Branched from capillaries. Slightly larger vessels which unite to form the veins.

31
Q

Veins

A

Formed by venules. Carries blood back to the heart.

32
Q

How many volumes of blood does the heart pump throughout the body?

A

7000 liters. Contract more than 2.5 billion times in a lifetime.

33
Q

Pericardium

A

Means “around the heart.” Tough connective tissue that surrounds the heart and anchors it to surrounding tissues.

34
Q

Myocardium

A

A thick layer of muscle that consists the wall of the heart.

35
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Makes up the myocardium. Contraction provides the force that propels the blood.

36
Q

Endothelium

A

One-cell thick layer of simple squamous epithelium. The innermost lining of the heart and of all blood vessels.

37
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

Four. Two upper atria and two lower ventricles.

38
Q

Atrioventricular valves (AV valves)

A

Thin flaps of tissue that prevent blood from moving back into the atrium when the ventricle contracts.

39
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Prevent backflow into the ventricles from the arteries leaving the heart.

40
Q

What are the two largest veins in the body?

A

Superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. They deliver blood from the systematic circulation to the right atrium. Passes into the right ventricle and through the pulmonary arteries.

41
Q

Pulmonary arteries

A

Where blood picks up O2 and unloads CO2.

42
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

Carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart, completing the pulmonary circuit.

43
Q

Aorta

A

Largest artery in the body.

44
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Superior and inferior vena cava deliver blood from the systemic circulation to the right atrium. Blood then passes into the right ventricle and through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs where blood picks up O2 and unloads CO2. The pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

45
Q

Systemic circuit

A

See pulmonary circuit. Blood flows from the left atrium into the left ventricle. Contraction sense blood into the aorta. Circulates throughout the body before returning to the veins that deliver blood to the right side of the heart.

46
Q

Portal system

A

Blood passes from capillaries into a vein that drains into a second set of capillaries before returning to the heart.

47
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Supply blood to the heart muscle

48
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

Single beat of the heart. Occurs with each contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle.

49
Q

Cardiac muscle contraction

A
  1. Starts at the Sinoatrial (SA) node
  2. SA node cells fire stimulating the cardiac cells of the atria to contract.
  3. Electrical impulses race across the atrial wall to the AV node
  4. The ventricles have time to fill, the AV node conducts electrical stimulation throughout the ventricle walls. The cardiac cells of the ventricles contract in unison.

Lup dup sound comes from the two sets of valves closing, preventing backflow of blood.

50
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

Region of specialized cardiac muscle cells in the upper wall of the right atrium. Pacemaker. When cells fire, they stimulate the cardiac cells of the atria to contract.

51
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node

A

Located in the wall of the lower right atrium.

52
Q

Cardiac output

A

A measure of the volume of blood that the heart pumps each minute. Function of the heart rate and the volume of blood pumped her stroke.

53
Q

EKG reading

A

P: depolarization of the atria
QRS: depolarization of the ventricles
T: repolorization of the ventricles.

54
Q

Lub dup sound

A

Lub: closing of the AV valve
Dup: closing of the semilunar valves during ventricle relaxation

55
Q

Arteries vs veins

A

Arteries: carry blood away from the heart
Veins: return blood to the heart

Similarities:
Outermost layer is a sheath of connective tissue
The middle layer is made mostly of smooth muscle
Endothelium forms the innermost layer

Differences:
Arteries is the thick layer of smooth muscle

56
Q

Capillary beds

A

Networks of tiny blood vessels that connect an arteriole and a venule

Provides extensive surface area where materials are exchanged with the interstitial fluid. Walls consist of a single layer of endothelial cells, so nutrients and gases diffuse into and out of capillaries.

57
Q

If pressure in the veins is so low, what propels blood back to the heart against the force of gravity?

A

Venous valves, flaps that keep blood flowing in one direction.

58
Q

Blood pressure

A

Force that blood exerts on artery walls.

A sphygmomanometer measure the changes in blood pressure.

Blood in the arteries have the highest pressure, then capillaries and then veins. Blood velocity is lowest in the capillaries.

Reflects:
Blood vessel diameter, heart rate, and blood volume.

59
Q

Systolic pressure

A

Reflects the contraction of the ventricles. The upper number in a blood pressure reading.

60
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Low point. Occurs when the ventricles relax.

61
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Narrowing of blood vessels that results from the contraction of smooth muscle in arteriole walls. When arteriole diameter decreases, blood pressure rises.

62
Q

Vasodilation

A

The widening of blood vessels that occurs when the same muscles relax

63
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Collects the fluid, removes bacteria, debris, and cancer cells and returns the liquid that leaks out of blood vessels to the blood.

64
Q

Lymph

A

Colorless fluid of the lymphatic system. Originates in the lymph capillaries

65
Q

Lymph capillaries

A

Tiny, dead-end vessels that absorb fluid from the spaces between cells. Similar to blood plasma, but the proteins are too large to leave blood capillaries.

66
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Lymph passes through here. Kidney shaped organs that contain millions of white blood cells. Infection fighting cells intercept and destroy cellular debris, cancer cells and bacteria in the lymph flow.

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