Chapter 29 Flashcards by laura Blakeney

Body temperature

Reflects balance between heat produced and the heat lost from the body

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Core temperature

Deep tissues

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Surface temperature

Of subcutaneous tissue and fat

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Heat balance

Amount of heat lost equals amount produced by body

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Basal metabolic rate BMR

Rate of energy utilization in the body required to maintain essential activities

Decrease with age

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Muscle activity in heat balance

Shivering

Increases metabolic rate

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Thyroxine output

Increased output increases cellular metabolism

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Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Sympathetic stimulation

Immediately increase cellular metabolism

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Fever

Increases cellular metabolic rate

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Radiation

Transfer of heat from the surface of one object to the surface of another without contact between the two objects
Infrared Rays

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Conduction

Transfer of heat from one molecule to a molecule of lower temperature
Contact*

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Convection

Dispersion of heat by air currents

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Evaporation

Continuous vaporization of moisture from the respiratory tract and from mucosa in mouth and skin

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Insensible water loss

Continuous, unnoticed water loss.

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Insensible heat loss

Continuous, unnoticed heat loss

10% heat loss

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Skin becomes chilled: three physiological phases

Shivering to increase heat
Sweating inhibited
Vasoconstriction decrease heat loss

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Factors that affect body temperature

Age
Diurnal variations (circadian rhythms)
Exercise
Hormones 
Stress
Environment

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Normal temperature for adults

36-37.5 C

96.8-99.5 F

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Pyrexia

Hyperthermia

Fever

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Hyperpyrexia

Very high fever

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Febrile

Client who has a fever

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Afebrile

Client does not have a fever

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Intermittent fever

Body temperature alternates at regular intervals between periods of fever and normal or subnormal temperatures

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Remittent fever

Wide range of temperature fluctuations occurs over 24 hour period all above normal

Influenza, cold

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Relapsing fever

Shirt febrile periods of a few days are interspersed with periods of 1 or 2 days normal temperature

Constant fever

Body temperature fluctuates, but always above normal

Fever spikes

Rapid onset of fever then returns to normal Bacterial blood infections

Heat exhaustion

Excessive heat and dehydration. | Paleness, dizzy, N & V, fainting, small fever

Heat stroke

Warm, flushed skin, do not sweat. Temp of 106 or higher Delirious, unconscious, seizures

Physiological mechanisms of hypothermia

Excessive heat loss Inadequate heat production Impaired hypothalamic thermoregulation

Fahrenheit to Celsius

C=(F-32)X5/9

Celsius to Fahrenheit

F=(CX9/5) + 32

Pulse

Wave of blood created by contraction of the left ventricle

Compliance

Ability of arteries to contract and expand

Cardiac output

Volume of blood pumped into arteries by the heart | Stroke volume X heart rate

Point of maximal impulse (PMI)

Apical pulse

Nine sites for pulses

``` Temporal Carotid Apical Brachial Radial Femoral Popliteal Posterior tibial Dorsal is pedis ```

Tachycardia

Excessively fast heart rate

Bradycardia

Very low heart rate

Pulse rhythm

Pattern of beats and intervals between the beats

Dysthymia or arrhythmia

Irregular rhythm

Pulse volume

Pulse strength or amplitude

Dyspnea

Difficult respirations

Respiration controlled by

Respiratory centers in medulla and pons Chemoreceptors carotid and aortic

Eupnea

Breathing that is normal is rate and depth

Bradypnea

Abnormally slow respirations

Tachypnea or polypnea

Abnormally fast respirations

Apnea

Absence of breathing

Tidal volume

Inspiration and expiration normally 500mL

Hyperventilation

Very deep, rapid ventilations

Hypo ventilation

Very shallow respirations

Respiratory quality or character

Aspects of breathing that are different than normal

Cheyne stokes breathing

Rhythmic waxing and waning of respirations from very deep to very shallow and temporary apnea

Orthopnea

Ability to breathe only upright sitting or standing positions

Stridor

Shrill, harsh sound during inspiration with laryngeal obstruction

Stertor

Snoring or sonorous respiration, usually due to a partial obstruction of the upper airway

Wheeze

Continuous, high pitched musical squeak or whistling sound occurring on expiration and sometimes on inspiration . Narrow airway

Bubbling

Gurgling sounds heard as air passes through moist secretions in respiratory tract

Intercostal retraction

Indrawing between the ribs

Substernal retraction

Indrawing beneath the breastbone

Suprasternal retraction

Indrawing above the clavicles

Hemoptysis

Presence of blood in the sputum

Productive cough

Cough with expectorated secretions

Nonproductive cough

Dry, harsh cough without secretions

Arterial blood pressure

Measure of the pressure exerted by the blood as it flows through the arteries

Systolic pressure

Pressure of blood as a result of contraction of ventricles (height of blood wave)

Diastolic pressure

Pressure when ventricles are at rest

Pulse pressure

Difference between diastolic and systolic pressures

Arteriosclerosis

Hardening of artery

Hematocrit

Thick blood. More RBC than plasma

Orthostatic hypotension

BP that decreases when client sits or stands

Pulse oximeter

Estimates clients arterial blood oxygen saturation

Vital signs

``` Body temperature Pulse Respirations Blood pressure Pain O2 saturation ```