Chapter 29 Flashcards by Mee Mee1327

Fertilization normally occurs within which structure?

a) Ovary
b) Fallopian tube
c) Ovarian ligament
d) Body of uterus
e) Vagina

b) Fallopian tube

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Which of the following is a series of functional changes that sperm go through when they are in the female reproductive tract?

a) Acrosomal reaction
b) Maturation
c) Fertilization
d) Capacitation
e) Polyspermy

d) Capacitation

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The fusion of the male pronucleus and the female pronucleus results in which developmental stage?

a) Female pronucleus
b) Male pronucleus
c) Zygote
d) Blastomeres
e) Morula

c) Zygote

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Which of the following is the part of the blastocyst that promotes implantation and produces hCG?

a) Blastocyte
b) Blastosphere
c) Trophoblast
d) Blastocyst cavity
e) Uterine cavity

c) Trophoblast

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Which of the following is the portion of the endometrium that lies between the embryo and the stratum basalis?

a) Decidua basalis
b) Decidua capsularis
c) Decidua parietalis
d) Lamina propria
e) Adventitia

a) Decidua basalis

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Which of the following develops from the epiblast and carries a protective fluid?

a) Cytotrophoblast
b) Yolk sac
c) Exocoelomic membrane
d) Amnion
e) Lacunae

d) Amnion

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Which of the following will become the primary structure for exchange of material between the mother and the fetus?

a) Chorionic villi of the placenta
b) Amnion
c) Amnionic fluid
d) Embryonic disc
e) Endoderm

a) Chorionic villi of the placenta

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Each somite may differentiate into a

a) Sertoli cell
b) Dermatome
c) Ovary
d) Myogenic cells
e) Ductus deferens

b) Dermatome

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Which of the following is the connection between the placenta and the embryo?

a) Amnion
b) Chorion
c) Umbilical cord
d) Placenta
e) Capillary beds

c) Umbilical cord

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How many pairs of pharyngeal arches are there?

a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
e) 6

d) 5

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Which of the following is an agent or influence that causes developmental defects in an embryo?

a) Carcinogen
b) Toxin
c) Nicotine
d) Radiation
e) Teratogen

e) Teratogen

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What exam is performed between 14-16 weeks gestation and is used to detect genetic abnormalities?

a) Sonogram
b) Amniocentesis
c) CVS
d) AFP test
e) CBC

b) Amniocentesis

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CVS is taking cells from where?

a) Amnion
b) Chorion
c) Placenta
d) Umbilical cord
e) Uterus

b) Chorion

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Which hormone is secreted by nonpregnant women from neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus?

a) GnRH
b) hCG
c) CRH
d) AFP
e) ATP

c) CRH

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During pregnancy stroke volume can increase by

a) 10%
b) 20%
c) 30%
d) 40%
e) 50%

c) 30%

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Labor cannot take place until all of which hormone’s effects are diminished?

a) Estrogen
b) Progesterone
c) Testosterone
d) Relaxin
e) Inhibin

b) Progesterone

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Which of the following is the time from the onset of labor to the complete dilation of the cervix?

a) Stage of dilation
b) Stage of expulsion
c) Placental stage
d) Gestation
e) Effacement

a) Stage of dilation

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Involution is

a) When the placenta is expelled
b) When the umbilical cord is cut
c) When the uterus decreases in size
d) When the cervix dilates
e) None of these choices

c) When the uterus decreases in size

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What connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava in infants?

a) Ductus venosus
b) Ductus arteriosus
c) Anteriosum
d) Patent ductus arteriosus
e) Superior vena cava

a) Ductus venosus

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Which of the following is a principle hormone that releases milk into the mammary ducts?

a) Prolactin
b) PIH
c) PRH
d) Oxytocin
e) GnRH

d) Oxytocin

Which of the following is a permanent change in an allele?

a) Mutation
b) Phenotype
c) Genotype
d) Dominant
e) Recessive

a) Mutation

Which one represents the morula stage?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E

c) C

Which one represents the blastocyst stage?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E

e) E

What does diagram “A” represent?

a) Cleavage of embryo
b) Cleavage of zygote
c) Cleavage of morula
d) Cleavage of blastocyst
e) Cleavage of fetus

b) Cleavage of zygote

What is line “A” pointing to? a) Endometrial gland b) Trophoblast c) Embryoblast d) Blastocyst e) Dermatome

b) Trophoblast

What stage happens 3–4 days after fertilization? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

c) C

What stage happens 6 days after fertilization? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

e) E

Which structure was formerly called the blastocyst cavity? a) C b) D c) E d) F e) G

d) F

This is composed of the syncytiotrophoblast and the cytotrophoblast. a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

c) C

Where is the amniotic cavity? a) E b) D c) C d) B e) A

a) E

Which cells are derived from the yolk sac and form a connective tissue layer? a) A b) B c) E d) F e) G

b) B

What is line “G” pointing to? a) Chorion b) Chorionic villi c) Sinusoid d) Extraembryonic mesoderm e) None of these choices

e) None of these choices

What is line “G” pointing to? a) Chorionic villi b) Amnion c) Umbilical vein d) Umbilical artery e) Amnionic capillary bed

a) Chorionic villi

Where are the fetal blood vessels? a) C b) D c) E d) F e) G

c) E

What is line “F” pointing to? a) Umbilical arteries b) Umbilical vein c) Fetal blood vessels d) Maternal endometrial arteriole e) Chorionic villi

b) Umbilical vein

Describe the products of the three primary germ layers.

The primary germ layers are the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm. The endoderm ultimately develops into tissues such as epithelial linings and associated glands in the respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems. The mesoderm becomes connective tissues, muscle tissues and the dermis. The ectoderm yields the epidermis, the nervous system and some additional epithelial membranes.

Describe the process and purpose of amniocentesis.

The position of the fetus and placenta is identified via ultrasound and palpation, and the skin is prepared with antiseptic and local anesthetic. A hypodermic needle is inserted through the abdominal wall and uterus to withdraw 10 mL of amniotic fluid from the amniotic cavity. The fluid and cells are examined and biochemically tested for abnormal proteins and chromosome abnormalities that may signal fetal problems and congenital defects.

Describe the hormonal events surrounding parturition.

Fetal CRH secretion increases, which causes estrogen to rise as fetal ACTH triggers an increase in cortisol and DHEA. Placenta converts DHEA to estrogen. In turn, estrogen increases oxytocin receptors on uterine smooth muscle fibers and makes them form gap junctions. Oxytocin stimulates uterine contraction, and relaxin dilates the cervix and loosens the pubic symphysis. Estrogen also increases prostaglandins to digest collagen in the cervix. Oxytocin, cervix, and the hypothalamus maintain a positive feedback loop to maintain labor.

What is the term used to describe the age of an embryo or fetus calculated from the presumed first day of the last normal menstrual period? a) Conceptus b) Primordium c) Epigenesis d) Gestational age e) Fertilization age

d) Gestational age

In a heterozygous individual for a certain trait, the dominant allele gives syndactylism. What is the masked, recessive trait in this individual? a) Normal vision b) Brachydactyly c) Normal digits d) Polydactyly e) Straight thumb

c) Normal digits

Which hormone causes release of milk into the mammary ducts via the milk ejection reflex? a) Prolactin b) Oxytocin c) Estrogen d) Progesterone e) Aldosterone

b) Oxytocin

Which of the following is a breast-feeding benefit for infants? a) Beneficial cells b) Beneficial molecules c) Decreased incidence of diseases later in life d) Enhancement of intellectual and neurological development e) All of these are breast-feeding benefits

e) All of these are breast-feeding benefits

Which of the following is a function of the hormone corticotropin-releasing hormone? a) Maintain endometrium of uterus during pregnancy b) Help prepare mammary glands for lactation c) Establish the timing of birth d) Increase flexibility of the pubic symphysis e) All of these are functions of CRH

c) Establish the timing of birth

Which of the following is a noninvasive prenatal test? a) AFP b) CVS c) Amniocentesis d) All of these e) None of these

a) AFP

When are the three primary germ layers established during pregnancy? a) First week of development b) Second week of development c) Third week of development d) Fourth week of development e) Second month of development

c) Third week of development

Which of the following structures is(are) produced from the endoderm? a) Cartilage b) Dermis of the skin c) Kidneys and ureters d) Internal and external ear e) Gametes

e) Gametes

Which of the following structures is(are) produced from the endoderm? a) Adrenal cortex b) Gonads c) Epithelium of the oral cavity d) Epithelial lining of the pharynx e) Arachnoid mater

d) Epithelial lining of the pharynx

Which of the following structures is NOT produced from the mesoderm? a) Melanocytes b) All skeletal muscle c) All cardiac muscle d) Blood vessels e) Lymphatic tissue

a) Melanocytes

Which of the following are major potential teratogens that affect embryonic development? a) Alcohol b) Cigarette smoke c) Various prescription drugs d) Irradiation e) All of these

e) All of these