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NURS 330: Nursing Fundamentals > Chapter 28: Infection Prevention & Control > Flashcards

Chapter 28: Infection Prevention & Control Flashcards

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1
Q

Define infection:

A

host invaded by pathogens/microorganisms (results in disease)

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2
Q

What causes disease?

A

entry and multiplication of organisms in a host

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3
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

Infectious process transmitted from one person to another

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4
Q

Describe a symptomatic infection:

A

Pathogens multiply and cause clinical signs and symptoms

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5
Q

Describe an asymptomatic infection:

A

Infection where signs and symptoms are not present

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6
Q

How can we prevent and control transmission of infections?

A

Hand hygiene (hand washing)

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7
Q

What is the chain of infection (6):

A
  • infectious agent
  • reservoir
  • portal of exit
  • mode of transmission
  • portal of entry
  • host
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8
Q

Define immunocompromised:

A

having an impaired immune system

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9
Q

Define Virulence:

A

ability to produce disease

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10
Q

Describe aerobic bacteria:

A

Bacteria that requires oxygen for survival & multiplication

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11
Q

Describe anaerobic bacteria:

A

Bacteria that thrive with little or no oxygen

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12
Q

Define bacteriostasis:

A

Prevention of growth and reproduction of bacteria

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13
Q

Define bactericidal:

A

Destruction of bacteria

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14
Q

What do you treat bacterial infections with?

A

Antibiotic treatment

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15
Q

What do you treat viral infections with?

A

Antiviral medications (only treat some viruses)

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16
Q

What do you treat fungal infections with?

A

Antifungal medications

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17
Q

What do you treat parasite infections with?

A

Depends on type

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18
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

Place where microbe survives, multiplies, and waits to transfer to a host

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19
Q

Can symptomatic humans be reservoirs?

A

Yes

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20
Q

Can asymptomatic humans be reservoirs?

A

Yes

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21
Q

What are examples of reservoirs (5):

A
  • food
  • water
  • insects
  • animals
  • inanimate objects
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22
Q

What are the modes of transmission (6):

A
  • direct contact
  • indirect contact
  • droplet
  • airborne
  • vehicle
  • vector
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23
Q

Describe direct transmission:

A

Person to person (fecal-oral)

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24
Q

Describe indirect transmission:

A

Contact with contaminated object (needle, dressings, etc.)

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25
Q

Describe droplet transmssion:

A

Large droplets via coughing, sneezing, talking (travel up to 3 ft)

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26
Q

Describe airborne transmission:

A

Small droplets/residue carried on dust particles

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27
Q

Describe vehicle:

A

Object that transports infection (water, food, doorknob)

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28
Q

Describe vector transmission:

A

Animal that carries the microorganism

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29
Q

Describe the Infectious Process (4):

A
  • incubation period
  • prodromal stage
  • illness stage
  • convalescence
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30
Q

Describe the incubation period:

A

From entrance of microbe to first symptoms

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31
Q

Describe the Prodromal Stage?

A

From onset to nonspecific to more specific signs and symptoms

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32
Q

Describe the illness stage:

A

From specific signs and symptoms to type of infection

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33
Q

Describe Convalescence:

A

Acute symptoms of infectious disappear (recovery period)

34
Q

What are the signs of inflammation (5)?

A
  • pain
  • swelling
  • redness
  • heat
  • impaired function
35
Q

Are signs of local inflammation and infection similar or different?

A

Similar

36
Q

What are the 3 stages of inflammation?

A
  • vascular and cellular response
  • exudate production
  • reparative phase
37
Q

Describe the vascular and cellular response:

A

Increased blood flow, vasodilation, and WBC production

38
Q

Describe exudate production:

A

Body’s defense to “wall off” infection and prevent spread

39
Q

Describe Exudate (3):

A
  • serous-clear, like plasma
  • sanguineous-bloody
  • purulent-pus; contains WBC & bacteria
40
Q

Describe the reparative phase:

A

Repair of injured tissue (regenration/scar formation-granulation tissue)

41
Q

What causes Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs)?

A

Results from delivery of health services in a health care facility

42
Q

What kind of patient’s are at greater risk for HAIs? (4)

A
  • have had multiple illnesses
  • older adults
  • poorly nourished
  • lowered resistance to infection
43
Q

What are the types of HAIs? (3)

A
  • latrogenic
  • exogenous
  • endogenous
44
Q

Where do latrogenic infections come from?

A

A procedure

45
Q

Where do exogenous infections come from?

A

Microorganisms outside the individual

46
Q

Where do endogenous infections come from?

A

Patient’s flora becomes altered (overgrowth)

47
Q

What are the risk factors for HAIs (4)?

A
  • # of health care employees w/direct contact w/patient
  • types & #s of invasive procedures
  • therapy received
  • length of hospitalization (longer = dangerous)
48
Q

Which major sites have higher risks for HAIs? (3)

A
  • surgical or traumatic wounds
  • urinary and respiratory tracts
  • bloodstream
49
Q

What are the risk factors for infection? (5)

A
  • age
  • nutritional status
  • stress
  • disease process
  • treatments/conditions that compromise the immune system
50
Q

List the Nursing Process (5):

A
  • assessment
  • diagnosing
  • planning
  • implementation
  • evaluation
51
Q

What do we investigate while conducting an assessment on a patient (3):

A
  • review of systems, travel history
  • immunizations & vaccinations
  • gather info from patient, family, friends
51
Q

What do we check for during a patient’s assessment? ()

A
  • status of defense mechanisms
  • patient susceptibility
  • clinical appearance (s&s)
  • laboratory data
52
Q

What should WBCs levels be around?

A

5,000 and 10,000

53
Q

Nursing diagnoses for infection (7):

A
  • risk for infection
  • imbalanced nutrition
  • impaired oral mucous membrane
  • risk for impaired skin integrity
  • social isolation
  • impaired tissue integrity
  • readiness for enhanced immunization status
54
Q

What do we prioritize, a patient’s pain or a patient’s high fever?

A

Pain (patient should be comfortable)

55
Q

Describe Planning in the nursing process (3):

A
  • have goals & outcomes
  • set priorities
  • work with other disciplines
56
Q

List common goals of care for patients with infection (4):

A
  • prevent exposure to infectious organisms
  • control/reduce the extent of infection
  • maintain resistance to infection
  • verbalizing understanding of infection prevention & control techniques
57
Q

Describe implementation in the nursing process (2):

A
  • health promotion (prevent development/spread)
  • acute care (treat infectious process)
58
Q

What to consider when implementing care (7):

A
  • medical & surgical asepsis
  • control/eliminate infectious agents
  • control/eliminate reservoirs
  • control portals of entry
  • control transmission
  • hand hygiene
  • isolation precautions
59
Q

Define asepsis:

A

Absence of pathogenic microorganisms

60
Q

What are aseptic techniques?

A

Practices/procedures that reduce the risk for infection

61
Q

Describe medical asepsis (clean techniques):

A

Reduce the # of organisms present & prevents the transfer of organisms

62
Q

Describe surgical asepsis (sterile technique):

A

Prevents contamination of an open wound (isolate operative area from the unsterile environment)

63
Q

What standard precautions prevent/control infections and its spread (3):

A
  • apply to contact (w/blood, body fluid, nonintact skin, mucous membranes)
  • hand hygiene
  • handwashing
64
Q

Define cleaning:

A

removal of all visible soil and contamination

65
Q

Define disinfection:

A

Eliminate many or all microorganisms (except bacterial spores from inanimate objects)

66
Q

Define sterilization:

A

Complete elimination/destruction of all microorganisms (including spores)

67
Q

What are ways to control/prevent infection spread? (5)

A
  • patient safety (cleaning, etc.)
  • patient education
  • cough etiquette
  • isolation (procedures)
  • surgical asepsis
68
Q

Explain cough etiquette (4):

A
  • cover nose/mouth with a tissue & dispose afterwards
  • wear surgical masks on patient (if possible)
  • perform hand hygiene
  • maintain 3 ft distance from those with respiratory infection
69
Q

What is isolation?

A

Separation & restriction of movement of ill person with contagious diseases

70
Q

What are the types of isolation done? (3)

A
  • contact
  • droplet
  • airborne
71
Q

What is done for contact isolation? (3)

A
  • private room/cohort of patients
  • gloves
  • gowns
72
Q

What is done for droplet isolation? (2)

A
  • private room/cohort of patients
  • mask or respirator required (depends)
73
Q

What is done for airborne isolation? (4)

A
  • private room
  • negative-pressure airflow (6-12 exchanges per hour)
  • masks/respiratory protection
  • N95 respirator
74
Q

List PPE (3):

A
  • gloves
  • gowns
  • eyewear
75
Q

What are the 2 type of masks?

A
  • surgical masks
  • N95 masks
76
Q

What are surgical masks used for?

A

Protection against most infectious agents

77
Q

What are N95 masks used for?

A

Highly contagious respiratory infections (TB, SARS, flu)

78
Q

What is a sterile field?

A

Area free of microorganisms & prepped to receive sterile items

79
Q

What are the principles of Surgical Asepsis? (7)

A
  • sterile objects remain sterile if only touched by another sterile object
  • only sterile objects may be place on a sterile field

-sterile object/field out of vision or below waist = contaminated

  • sterile object/field becomes contaminated by prolonged exposure to air
  • sterile object/field becomes wet = contaminated by capillary action
  • fluid flows in the direction of gravity
  • outer 1-2” edges of sterile field/container = contaminated
80
Q

Why must we provide special care for a diabetic’s patients feet?

A

Most patients lose sensation in their feet

81
Q

What happens during the evaluation step of the nursing process?

A

NURS 330: Nursing Fundamentals (1 decks)

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