Chapter 28 and 29: Invertebrates and Vertebrates

Question 1

Class Polyplacophora

Answer 1

have a radula to scrape algae off of rocks

Question 2

Class Gastropoda

Answer 2

Snails, slugs, conchs

Question 3

Class Bivalvia

Answer 3

Clams, oysters, scallops

Question 4

Class Cephalopoda

Answer 4

“head - foot”
- octopus, squid, etc
- most unique group of mollusks (also most intelligent)
- closed circulatory system

Question 5

Phylum Annelida

Answer 5

Segmented worms - repeated body segments
- most advanced worms: complex digestive systems and closed circulatory system

Question 6

Phylum Anthropoda

Answer 6

“jointed legs”
- this group dominates the animal kingdom
- exoskeleton made oc chitin
- open circulatory system
- christacians have gills and insects have tracheae ( Respiration)

Question 7

Phylum Echinodermata

Answer 7

Echnio- spiny
Derma - skin
- adults exhibit penataradial symmetry
larval forms have bilateral symmetry
- capable of regeneration
water vascular system
-

Question 8

Characteristics of Chordates

Answer 8

Notochord - flexible rod shaped structure that runs along nerve chord (in vertebrates it develops into vertebrae)

Question 9

Horsal hallow nerve cord

Answer 9

in vertebrates, develops into spinal cord

Question 10

Pharygael gill slits

Answer 10

vertebrate fish - develop into gill supports
- in tetrapods develop into parts of ears and tonsils

Question 11

Post anal tail

Answer 11

posterior elongation, extending beyond the anus
- provide source of locomotion, helps balance, courting and signaling danger

Question 12

Jawed fish

Answer 12

evolution of jaws allowed vertebrates to exploit food sources not available to jawless fish, allows grasping and tearing of food sources

Question 13

Chondrithytes

Answer 13

sharks, rays, and skates
- dominant predators of the ocean
- skeleton made of cartilage
- evolution of teeth

Question 14

Osteichthyes

Answer 14

bony fish
- gills covered by operculum
- swim bladder: helps with buoyancy

Question 15

Amphibians

Answer 15

terrestrial but still tied to water
- skin must take moist for gas exchange
- some amphibians have lungs, some have gills
- eggs are laid in water

Question 16

Amniotes

Answer 16

reptiles, birds, mammals
- egg protected by amniotic membranes
- led to vertebrates success in relatively dry environments

Question 17

Evolution of reptiles and Mammals

Answer 17

key differences between the synapsids, anapsid, and diapsids are the structures of the skull and the number of temporal fenestra behind each eye

Question 18

Traits of reptiles

Answer 18

• lay eggs enclosed in shells on land
• reproduce sexually with internal fertilization
• ovoviviparity (eggs remaining in mothers body until ready to hatch) or viviparous (offspring being born alive)
• scaly skin (containing protein keratin and waxy lipids) which reduce water loss from skin

Question 19

Ectothermic

Answer 19

require fewer calories but can not maintain constant body temperature

Question 20

Endothermic

Answer 20

produce their own body heat and temp independently of the external temperature
- have high metabolic rate, flight is metabolically expensive

Question 21

Modifications for flight

Answer 21

feathers: modified scales (also add insulation)
- hallow bones
- sternum in shape of keel
- efficient respiration

Question 22

Mammals

Answer 22

Endothermic, hair, mammary glands, types of teeth indicate diet

Question 23

Traits of primates

Answer 23

1. rotating shoulder joint
2. big toe and thumb separated from rest
3. stereoscopic vision overlapping vision from eyes

adaptations to climb trees