Chapter 28

Question 1

A reform movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor. Popular at the turn of the twentieth century, it was closely linked to the settlement-house movement, which brought middle-class, Anglo-American service volunteers into contact with immigrants and working people.

Answer 1

Social gospel

Question 2

Bright young reporters at the turn of the twentieth century who won this unfavorable moniker from Theodore Roosevelt but boosted the circulations of their magazines by writing exposés of widespread corruption in American society. Their subjects included business manipulation of government, white slavers, child labor, and the illegal deeds of the trusts and helped spur the passage of reform legislation.

Answer 2

Muckrakers

Question 3

A progressive reform measure allowing voters to petition to have a law placed on the general ballot. Like the referendum and recall, it brought democracy directly “to the people” and helped foster a shift toward interest group politics and away from old political “machines.”

Answer 3

Initiative

Question 4

A progressive reform procedure allowing voters to place a bill on the ballot for final approval, even after being passed by the legislature.

Answer 4

Referendum

Question 5

A progressive ballot procedure allowing voters to remove elected officials from office.

Answer 5

Recall

Question 6

A system that allows voters privacy in marketing their ballot choices. Developed in Australia in the 1850s, it was introduced to the United States during the progressive era to help counteract boss rule.

Answer 6

Australian ballot

Question 7

A landmark Supreme Court case in which crusading attorney (and future Supreme Court justice) Louis D. Brandeis persuaded the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of limiting the hours of women workers. Coming on the heels of Lochner v. New York, it established a different standard for male and female workers.

Answer 7

Muller v. Oregon (1908)

Question 8

A setback for labor reformers, this Supreme Court decision invalidated a state law establishing a ten-hour day for bakers. It held that the “right to free contract” was implicit in the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Answer 8

Lochner v. New York (1905)